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도시의 지속가능한 발전을 위한 공유경제의 효과에 대한 논쟁적 접근

Critical Approaches to the Effects of Sharing Economy on Urban Sustainable Development

서준교
한국NGO학회 (The Korean Association 0f Ngo Studies)|2020.04|NGO연구 (The Journal of NGO Studies)|제15권 제1호|pp. 97-144|DOI 10.23193/kngos.2020.15.1.97

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공유경제sharing economyenvironmental sustainability환경적 지속가능성도시의 지속가능한 발전사회경제적 지속가능성urban sustainable developmentsocioeconomic sustainability
주제분류사회과학일반

초록

도시의 지속가능한 발전은 도시정책의 핵심과제이고 궁극적인 목표 중 하나일 것이다. 도시를 보다 살기 좋은 공간으로 만들기 위한 노력은 계속되고 있지만, 이를 위한 구체적인 접근은 여러 한계에 직면하고 있다. 특히, 도시는 사회적, 경제적 그리고 환경적 측면에서 다양한 문제가 집적된 공간으로 지속가능한 발전을 위해 여러 형태의 요소들을 복합적으로 고려해야 하기 때문이기도 하다. 여기에, 도시의 지속가능한 발전은 현 세대뿐만 아니라 미래 세대를 아울려는 세대 간 포괄적인 필요를 충족시킬 수 있어야 한다. 하지만, 도시는 기존의 자본주의적 경제방식인 과잉생산과 소비에 기반을 둔 성장과 발전을 추구함으로서 과도한 경쟁을 유발시켰을 뿐만 아니라 전반적인 도시사회의 불안정성을 초래하는 원인이 되었다. 최근, 기존의 자본주의적 경제방식과는 다른 새로운 경제방식인 공유경제를 주목하고 있다. 공유경제는 기존의 소유에 중점을 둔 자본주의적 경제방식과 달리, 협력적 또는 공동의 소비를 중심으로 공유에 기반을 둔 접근이다. 공유경제는 기존의 자본주의적 경제방식이 초래한 빈곤, 실업, 빈부격차 등 사회경제적 문제와 함께 과잉생산과 소비에 따른 환경문제에도 대응할 수 있는 21세기형 지속가능한 발전방식으로 주목받고 있다. 하지만, 공유경제의 긍정적인 효과와 달리, 공유경제의 정체성과 실질적 효과나 영향에 대하여 의문을 제기하고 있다. 즉, 공유경제는 사회적, 경제적 그리고 환경적 측면 등 여러 영역의 문제를 극복하기 위한 지속가능한 발전에 중점을 두기보다 신자유주의적 경제체제를 강화시키려는 의도에 불과하다는 것이다. 특히, 공유경제는 잠재적으로 도시의 사회경제적 그리고 환경적 불안정성을 더욱 심화시킬 가능성이 높다는 비판이 설득력을 얻고 있다. 본 연구는 공유경제의 효과에 대한 논쟁, 특히 도시의 지속가능한 발전을 위한 도시의 사회경제적 그리고 환경적 지속가능성에 대한 공유경제의 효과와 영향을 분석함을 목적으로 한다.

Abstract

Urban sustainable development is one of the most essential tasks and ultimate goals in urban policy. Although it has been greater efforts to make cities as liveable places, it has faced with many difficulties and limitations of practical achievement. Particularly, cities are places where many social, economical and environmental problems to be accumulated in which they have been needed complex factors to be considered for sustainable development. Moreover, for urban sustainable development it is also balanced with the necessity for both current and future generations. However, many cities in developed countries have been dominated by capitalistic economic ways to achieve growth and development through the basis of overproduction and consumption. It has also led to excessive competition among companies, which has resulted in the instability of urban communities. Recently, instead of existing capitalistic economic ways, a new way that sharing economy is received much attention as one of the most practical measures for urban sustainable development. The sharing economy is based on collaborative or communal consumption that is totally differed from those capitalistic ways of possession. The sharing economy is considered as one of the 21st models for sustainable development that respond to current social, economical and environment problems effectively. Unlike the positive claims, the sharing economy is criticized for enforcing new liberalistic economic structures, instead of resolving existing social, economical and environmental problems for sustainable development. It is highly possible that the sharing economy would be likely to lead to urban socioeconomic and environmental instabilities. The purpose of this study therefore focuses upon the effects of the sharing economy, especially the effects and influence of the sharing economy on urban socioeconomic and environmental sustainability for urban sustainable development.

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