Mahākapi Jātaka의 변천 __동물우화에서 인간적 합리적 이야기로__
The Transition of the Mahākapi Jātaka: from Animal Fable to Humanistic Rational Story
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초록
마하까비자따까(Mahākapijātaka)는 기본적으로 영웅적인 자기희생을 한 원숭이 왕을 주제로 한 동물우화였다. 그리고 이 이야기는 인도인들에게 많은 종교적인 영감과 감성을 느끼게 했으며, 초기 인도불교 유적지에서 폭넓게 나타나는 대표적인 불교우화로 성장했다. 하지만 마하까비자따까는 인도를 떠나면서 점차적으로 인간적인 측면이 강조되고 현재생과 과거생의 복잡한 관계들이 반영되면서 변형되고 특유의 역동성을 상실하게 되면서 점차적으로 잊히게 된다. 본 논문에서는 자기희생이란 인욕(kṣānti)적 측면이 강했던 원숭이 왕 이야기가 복잡한 과정을 거치면서 오히려 정진(vīrya)적 측면이 강한 것으로 변화되는 과정을 추적하고, 이러한 지나친 합리화가 오히려 이야기 자체의 역동성을 상실하게 만들어서 동아시아에서 더 이상 종교적 감성을 자극하는 이야기로 받아들여지지 못하게 되었다는 점을 다각적으로 분석하여 설명한다.
Abstract
From the remaining stone reliefs in Barhut and Sanchi as well as a mural painting survived in the cave 17 in Ajanta, the Mahākapijātaka seems to have been very popular among Indian Buddhists from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd or 4th century CE. The story of this great monkey king has been preserved in the Jātaka in the Pali canon including the exegetical explanation from the Theravāda Buddhist perspective. Fortunately, this story was also adapted as an elaborate and polished morality tale, stylistically similar to the Pañcatantra and the Hitopadeśa in Hindu tradition, by Ārya Śūra in his Jātakamālā. This collection of Buddhist morality tales becomes popular later both in Tibet and in Mongolia as well. In this paper, I am going to analyze the similarities and differences between the three different versions: the verses in the Pali Jātaka, the core of the story, the Theravāda exegetical explanation, popular in Southern Buddhism, and the Ārya Śūra’s stylistic adaptation, spreading around Northern India, Tibet and Mongolia. In this process I hope to show how the simple storyline focusing on leadership and self-sacrifice becomes complex religious and morality tales appeared in the Theravāda exegetical tradition and the Ārya Śūra’s Jātakamālā.
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