함석헌의 『바가바드 기타』 주석서에 나오는 경구(經句) 인용의 출처와 맥락 연구

Abstract

In 1985, Ham Sok-Hon, a Korean philosopher and religious thinker, wrote a commentary on a Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gītā (henceforth Gītā). In his commentary, Ham quotes many and various phrases from Eastern and Western scriptures such as the Zhuangzi (莊子), Mencius (孟子), and Bible, etc. This study aims to better understand Ham’s commentary by revealing the source and context of his scriptural quotations. There are two reasons that the source and context, two main topics, are to be explored. Firstly, Ham left rough sources of quotations, but there are many sources that need to be disclosed in detail. Secondly, it is difficult to find out the context or intention of his quotations since they are provided with no explanations. This study, therefore, tries to reveal the source and context of the 91 quotations, and to argue further that it is possible to discover three aspects of his scriptural quotations. Firstly, Ham’s scriptural quotations do not appear without context. A previous study on Ham’s quotations implied that there is almost no relationship between Ham’s quotations and the commented text, the Gītā, and between neighboring quotations. However, this study argues that all 91 scriptural phrases are quoted within context; that is, Ham’s scriptural quotation corresponds to the Gītā verse that he comments on, or the other quotation located above Ham’s quotation, or the Gītā verse(s) located before the Gītā verse that he comments on. Secondly, Ham has never discussed which of the Gītā’s teachings he most put emphasis on. This study highlights Ham’s focus on the Karma-yoga, the teaching that one should fulfill one’s duty without attachment to the results of one’s actions. Considering that both Karma-yoga and Bhakti-yoga are the main teachings of the Gītā where they are described abundantly, it is noteworthy that Ham quotes the scriptural phrases regarding Karma-yoga most often. Thus, it can be said that he put importance on it. Lastly, it is impossible to find out why Ham prefers a manner of quotation to a manner of description in commenting on the Gītā. It can, however, be assumed that by his scriptural quotations, Ham wants to show that the Gītā’s thoughts are present not only in Hinduism but also in Taoism, Confucianism, and Christianity. Ham attempts to find the common features among the religions and see the religions as one. By revealing the source and context of Ham’s scriptural quotations, and by suggesting some new insights on his scriptural quotations, this study contributes to better understanding Ham’s commentary on the Gītā.