페미니즘과 노년차별: 페미니즘 안팎의 타자, 노년여성
Feminism and Ageism: Older Women as the Other within/outside Feminism
1
조회
0
다운로드
16
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Today's dominant cultural ideology indoctrinates people to believe that age-related changes can be avoided. Hence one who displays visible signs of aging is stigmatized and excluded as a result of ageism, but the ultimate truth of the human condition is that we cannot stop aging unless we die. In a sexist society, aging women suffer more from age issues and oppression because “youthfulness” in women is especially valuable symbolic capital. Feminism, like other social movements, has undertaken numerous strategies to reach its fundamental goal of a better life for women. Aging or older women, however, have been a largely ignored group. They have been the ‘Other' within feminism, not to mention outside of it. The gerontophobic nature of modern society provides one explanation for this exclusion. Another is the fact that many feminists themselves were young in the 1970s, a fact that is reflected in their emphasis upon their young age and social location at that time, since, “after all, the personal is political.” In order to uncover the relationship between aging and feminism, this study explores three representative works on aging/ageism: The Coming of Age by Simone de Beauvoir, The Fountain of Age by Betty Friedan, and The Change: Women, Ageing and the Menopause by Germaine Greer. Though each work reveals some problems and limitations in regard to the complex interrelatedness of all forms of domination, these books nonetheless help to lay the foundations for feminist studies of ageism. They compel us to examine how to make the later years of life worthwhile and successful for today's and tomorrow's older women.
Abstract
Today's dominant cultural ideology indoctrinates people to believe that age-related changes can be avoided. Hence one who displays visible signs of aging is stigmatized and excluded as a result of ageism, but the ultimate truth of the human condition is that we cannot stop aging unless we die. In a sexist society, aging women suffer more from age issues and oppression because “youthfulness” in women is especially valuable symbolic capital. Feminism, like other social movements, has undertaken numerous strategies to reach its fundamental goal of a better life for women. Aging or older women, however, have been a largely ignored group. They have been the ‘Other' within feminism, not to mention outside of it. The gerontophobic nature of modern society provides one explanation for this exclusion. Another is the fact that many feminists themselves were young in the 1970s, a fact that is reflected in their emphasis upon their young age and social location at that time, since, “after all, the personal is political.” In order to uncover the relationship between aging and feminism, this study explores three representative works on aging/ageism: The Coming of Age by Simone de Beauvoir, The Fountain of Age by Betty Friedan, and The Change: Women, Ageing and the Menopause by Germaine Greer. Though each work reveals some problems and limitations in regard to the complex interrelatedness of all forms of domination, these books nonetheless help to lay the foundations for feminist studies of ageism. They compel us to examine how to make the later years of life worthwhile and successful for today's and tomorrow's older women.
참고문헌 (35)
- 박혜란, "나이듦에 대하여: 여자, 그리고 나이" (2001), 웅진닷컴
- 버나드 미리암, "여성의 나이 듦에 대한 이해" (2000), 경문사
- 시몬 드 보부아르, "노년" (2002), 책
- 시몬 드 보부아르, "제2의 성. 여성학 백과사전" (2007), 살림
- 앙드레 모루아, "나이드는 기술" (2002), 나무생각
- Arber, Sara, "Gender and Later Life" (1991), Sage Publications
- Arber, Sara, "Gender and Ageing: Changing Roles and Relationships" (2003), Open UP
- Barnett, B., "Focusing on the Next Picture: Feminist Scholarship as a Foundation for Teaching about Ageism in the Academy", NWSA Journal, 18(1), pp.85~98 (2006)
- Bourdier, Pierre, "The Logic of Practice" (1990), Stanford UP
- Browne, Colette V., "Women, Feminism, and Aging" (1998), Springer
- Butler, Robert, "Ageism: Another Form of Bigotry", The Gerontologist, 9(3), pp.243~246 (1969)
- Calasanti, Toni M., "Gender Social Inequalities, and Aging" (2001), Alta Mira
- Calasanti, Toni M., "Age Matters: Realigning Feminist Thinking" (2006), Routledge
- Copper, Baba, "Voices: On Becoming Old Women in: Women and Ageing: An Anthology by Women", pp.46~57 (1986), Calyx Books
- Cruikshank, Margaret, "Learning to Be Old: Gender, Culture, and Aging" (2002), Rowman & Littlefield
- Beauvoir, Simone, "The Coming of Age" (1972), Putnam's Sons
- Friedan, Betty, "The Fountain of Age" (1993), Simon and Schuster
- Gibson, D., "Broken Down by Age and Gender: ‘The Problem of Old Women' Redefined", Gender and Society, 10, pp.433~448 (1996)
- Greer, Germaine, "The Change: Women, Ageing, and the Menopause" (1992), Penguin
- Greer, Germaine, "The Whole Woman" (1999), Doubleday
- Gullette, Margaret Morganroth, "Declining to Decline: Cultural Combat and the Politics of the Midlife" (1997), UP of Virginia
- Gullette, Margaret Morganroth, "Aged by Culture" (2004), U of Chicago P
- Hatch, Laurie Russell, "Beyond Gender Differences: Adaptation to Aging in Life Course Perspective" (2000), Baywood
- hooks, bell, "Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center" (1984), South End
- hooks, bell, "Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom" (1994), Routledge
- Itzin, C., "The Double Jeopardy of Ageism and Sexism. Media Images of Women in: Gerontology: Social and Behavioural Perspectives", pp.170~184 (1984), Croom Helm
- Katz, Stephen, "Growing Older Without Aging? Positive Aging, Anti-Ageism, and Anti-Aging", Generations, 25(4), pp.27~32 (2002)
- Lipscomb, Valerie, "‘We need a theoretical base': Cynthia Rich, Women's Studies, and Ageism", NWSA Journal, 18(1), pp.3~13 (2006)
- Macdonald, Barbara, "Look Me in the Eye: Old Women, Aging and Ageism" (1983), Spinsters Ink
- Overall, Christine, "Old Age and Ageism, Impairment and Ableism: Exploring the Conceptual and Material Connections", NWSA Journal, 18(1), pp.126~138 (2006)
- Ray, Ruth E., "The Personal as Political: The Legacy of Betty Friedan in: Age Matters: Realigning Feminist Thinking", pp.21~46 (2006), Routledge
- Sontag, Susan, "The Double Standard of Aging", Saturday Review of the Society, 55, pp.29~38 (1972)
- Twigg, Julia, "The Body, Gender, and Age: Feminist Insights in Social Gerontology", Journal of Aging Studies, 18(1), pp.59~73 (2004)
- Wolf, Naomi, "The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty Are Used against Women" (1991), William Morris
- Woodward, Kathleen, "Aging and Its Discontents: Freud and Other Fictions" (1991), Indiana UP