남태평양에 있어서 식민 후 권력배열 재편성: 피지의 ‘종족정치’와 바누아투의 ‘언어정치’
The Institutional Rearrangement of Post-colonial Political Power in the South Pacific: 'Ethnic Politics' in Fiji and 'Lingual Politics' in Vanuatu
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초록
오늘날 남태평양 도서국가 피지(Fiji)와 바누아투(Vanuatu)의 의회민주주의체제가 노정하고 있는 변용성은 식민시대에 구축된 토착패권의 배열구도에 기인한 것이다. 즉, 원주민과 인도피지언(Indo-Fijian) 간의 갈등을 원주민의 우위를 보장하는 방식으로 제어하기 위한 종족별 의석배분방식과 종족투표제(communal voting) 등 피지 의회민주주의정치의 기제적 변용(종족정치)은 “피지인의 지상권(paramountcy of Fijian interests)”이라는 명제 하에 영국 식민당국이 추진한 토착패권의 적극적 재편성으로부터 비롯된 역사적 유산이다. 또한 영어계(Anglophone)-불어계(Francophone) 정치세력 간의 극심한 대립과 각 세력의 내분에서 야기된 바누아투의 심각한 의회분절(언어정치)은 영국-프랑스 공동식민체제의 불안정한 이중구조와 민간인이 주도한 토착사회 개편작업에 대한 식민당국의 방관에 역사적 근원을 두고 있다. 요컨대 피지와 바누아투의 정치적 역동은 현대의회민주주의 정치기제와 원시적 패권의 융합을 보여주는 흥미로운 임상사례(clinical case)로서, 지역적으로 격리된 비서구사회의 토착정치질서에 대한 민주주의기제의 포섭력을 추적하기 위한 탐색형 연구의 시발점이 될 수 있다.
Abstract
The present-day institutional dynamics of parliamentary politics both in Fiji and Vanuatu reveals the colonial legacy of restructuring indigenous hegemonic order. While Fiji's 'ethnic politics', institutionalized in terms of ethnic distribution of parliamentary seats and communal voting system, is the replication of the British colonial government's attempt to incorporate chiefly hegemony into the political apparatus of colonial rule, Vanuatuan 'lingual politics' is the historical outcome of the instable, competitive dual-structure of the British-French Condominium and the colonists' intentional neglection of the social restructuring by the civilian Europeans, mostly Christian missionaries. Fiji and Vanuatu constitute proper 'clinical cases' of the amalgamation of seemingly incompatible contemporary parliamentary institutions and indigenous, primitive hegemony. They provide initial base, theoretical as well as empirical, of the exploratory researches on the institutional capability of democratic system for absorbing indigenous political order found in the remote non-Western societies.
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