성장문명의 종언과 사회생태국가로의 전환: 공생과 평화의 신국가론 모색
The End of a Growth-oriented Civilization and the Transition toward a Social- ecological State: An Exploration of a New State Model for Coexistence and Peace
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지구상에서 정착생활을 시작한 이래 인류는 끊임없이 더 많은 생산과 더 많은 소비, 더 많은 물질적 안락에 기초하는 성장문명을 발전시켜왔다. 이러한 흐름을 촉진한 가장 강력한 동력은 부국강병을 추구한 성장국가와 이윤의 극대화를 추구한 성장자본주의였다. 그런데, 예상치 않게, 공동지배체제를 구축한 성장국가와 성장자본주의는 근대 산업혁명 이후 극도로 상반된 두 가지 결과를 초래하고 있다. 한편으로는 지속적 경제성장을 통해 인류사회에 큰 물질적 혜택을 가져온 것이 그것이고, 다른 한편으로는 화석연료의 과다사용에 따른 지구온난화, 자원고갈, 생물종 멸종 등으로 인해 자연환경과 인류문명의 대붕괴 가능성을 증가시키고 있는 것이 그것이다. 이런 위기 상황에서 등장하고 있는 대안적 국가모델이 사회생태국가이다. 사회생태국가는 역사적으로 정복약탈국가에서 복지국가로 이어지는 성장국가의 한계를 극복하기 위해 환경생태적 지속가능성과 사회정의를 최고의 국가목표로 설정하고 강력한 규제정책과 조세정책을 통해 화석연료와 물질주의에 기반한 자본주의 시스템과 산업문명을 재조정하여 인간과 자연의 공생, 국가와 국가 사이의 공생과 평화를 추구하는 새로운 국가모델이다. OECD 회원국들을 대상으로 한 경험적 분석의 결과, 대부분의 선진국은 현 단계에서 여전히 복지국가 유지에 치중하고 있으며 사회생태국가로의 전환은 매우 낮은 수준에 머물러 있음이 발견되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 회귀분석은 경제발전 정도에 무관하게 사회보장예산의 비중이 높은 나라들의 환경성과가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 보수정부에 비해 진보정부들이 복지국가 발전과 사회생태국가 발전 모두에 더 전향적 노력을 기울이고 있음을 보여주는 증거라고 할 수 있다.
Abstract
Since human beings started a sedentary life on earth, they had begun to develop a growth-oriented civilization seeking more production, more consumption, and more material satisfaction. The two main drivers propelling such a trend have been the state and capitalism both of which sought to maximize economic growth and hence exploitation of natural resources. Unexpectedly, however, a growth-oriented state and capitalism have produced mutually conflicting results. On the one hand, they provided human beings with a high level of material well-being by enabling continuous economic growth. On the other hand, due to excessive use of fossil fuels and natural resources, they caused global warming, resource depletion, and mass extinction of species, hence increasing the possibility of collapses of both natural environment and human civilization. In this context, a social-ecological state is emerging as an alternative state model that seeks to address the possible dangers of natural and civilizational collapses. Among other things, a social-ecological state takes environmental and ecological sustainability and social justice as the top priority and pursues coexistence between human beings and the nature and peace among the nation states by adopting strong regulatory and taxation policies. Nonetheless, an empirical analysis of this study shows that most OECD countries are currently at a very low level of ecological state development, while they are at a very high stage of welfare state development. Another important finding is that countries spending more budgets for social protection are more likely to excel in environmental performance, regardless of economic development. This implies that progressive governments, rather than conservative or liberal governments, are more active in promoting both welfare state and ecological state.
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