초기 미국 흑인작가들의 자전적 글쓰기--수사전략, 수행성, 성차적 내러티브
Early Afro-American Autobiographical Writings: Rhetorical Strategies, Performativity, and Gendered Differences
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Abstract
The primary motivation of early Afro-American autobiographical writings (slave narratives) lies in urging Northern white readers to recognize both the inhumanity of slavery and the urgent necessity of abolition. The language of moral argument and of conventional literary forms of white culture are not sufficient for early writers to protest the unspeakable madness of slavery. Different appeals, different narrative strategies, and different tones of voice must be brought to bear in their writings. In this paper, along with the major critical issues of early slave narratives, I mainly focus on Frederick Douglass's Narrative (1845) and Harriet Jacobs's Narrative (1861), often connecting them with one of the very first slave narratives, Anglo-African Olaudah Equiano's Interesting Narrative (1789). I explore the meanings of the literacy, humanity, and freedom they struggle to achieve and the significance of those meanings. I also discuss their rhetorical strategies and the narrative “performativity” they seek in order to justify the private and political motives of their writings as well as to differentiate themselves from and to subvert the nineteenth-century literary tradition. This paper further demonstrates how the autobiographers' racial and gender identities create different literary horizons in their narrative perspectives on various agendas, and how their writings, as the narrative of survival and of history, signify each other, throwing significant illuminations on the history of Afro-American and American literature. Through poignantly exposing the evil presence of slavery that undermines the very foundation of America and its democratic values and spirit of Christianity, the power of the autobiographers' own language enables them to construct their subjective self-identity from an ontological, historical, and cultural void as the oppressed racial other. Writing themselves into the history of American literature and into the nation, both Douglass and Jacobs reveal vehement passions for serious social and political changes in the unmistakably troubled landscape of nineteenth-century racist America.
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