근대성ㆍ 인종주의ㆍ 문학
Modernity, Racism, and Literature
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Abstract
This paper explores the Enlightenment construction of race and racism and traces how they informed and justified Western modernity, whose long cherished myth of reason and progress has been questioned and disturbed by recent debates around postmodernism. Postmodern philosophers such as Jürgen Habermas, Jean François Lyotard, and Michel Foucault, despite their different positions, have agreed to see the postmodern condition as a reflection on the nature and limits of Western modernity, directing attention to racialized discriminations, inequalities, and violence erased by the liberal ideology of progress. From this critical perspective we discuss the racial theories by such prominent figures as Bernier, Linnaeus, Buffon, and Kant, laying bare the seeds of racism engrained in their apparently scientific meditations on race. This paper also argues that literature plays a central role in constituting the modern racial formation of the West. Paying attention to the simultaneity of the emergence of racism and the institutionalization of literature enabled by the expansion of literacy and the rapid growth of print culture in the eighteenth century, we examine the ways in which literary works, especially the novels, serve to spread and internalize the racist ideologies. Another point this paper wants to make is that the idea of literature as a transcendental realm dissociated from history and politics helps to render invisible racist ideas inscribed in literature, thus accounting for the continual reproduction of racial prejudices.
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