인쇄술의 변화는 민중문화의 성격에 (어떤) 영향을 끼치는가?－18세기 프랑스 대중독서에 대한 기술사적 연구－
Do/How Technological Changes in Print Affect the Nature of Popular Culture?－Technology and Reading in 18th－Century France
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본 논문은 기술사의 관점에서 18세기 프랑스 인쇄술의 변화와 민중독서문화의 상관성을 관찰하려는 것을 기본목표로 한다. 기존의 선행연구들이 책과 독서의 역사와 테크놀로지의 역사를 각각 분리하여 서술함으로써 기술적 변화나 혁신이 엘리트․민중문화에 끼친 연관성이나 영향력을 분석․평가하는 작업을 소홀히 했다는 반성이 이 글의 출발점이자 문제의식이다. 이런 연구공백을 메우기 위해서 필자는 프랑스 앙시앵 레짐기에 출간된 가장 대표적인 민중의 여흥적인 읽을거리의 하나였던 ‘청색문고’의 사례에 초점을 맞춰 책과 독서의 기술문화사를 서술하고자 한다. 연구결과 필자는 다음과 같은 몇 가지 잠정적인 결론에 도달했다. 첫째, 18세기 프랑스 민중문화에서는 일종의 독서혁명이 발생했는데, 신앙을 위한 경건한 독서에서 여가와 여흥을 위한 세속적 독서로의 전환이 그것이었다. 둘째, 유감스럽게도 불완전한 사료의 제한 때문에 특정한 기술적 변혁(예를 들면 스테로판 활자기술이나 목조와 금속 합성인쇄기의 등장 등)이 특정한 독서관행(예를 들면 넓게 읽기나 개인적 읽기 등)의 창출에 직접적으로 영향력을 행사했을 것이라는 가설을 명확히 뒷받침할 수 없었다. 셋째, 앙시앵 레짐 ‘청색문고’의 소비와 전파에 대한 사례연구를 통해 기술결정론보다는 기술의 사회형성론이 18세기 프랑스 민중독서관행의 변화과정을 더 잘 설명해 준다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 필자는 본 논문이 만족스럽게 해결하지 못하고 숙제로 남긴 문제(기술과 문화의 상관성 혹은 상호소통성)가 좀 더 풍부한 사례 연구들을 통해서 보완, 수정되기를 기대한다.
Abstract
The purpose of this article is dual: one is to demonstrate the necessity and merit of methodologically combining the history of book/reading with the history of technology; the other goal is to configuring the topography of popular reading culture of the 18th century France. To accomplish the task, the article sums up general technological developments in printing industry and attempts to disclose whether there had existed any relevant correlation between technological innovations and transformations of popular reading during the Ancient Regime. The article also tries to examine how elite and popular culture conflicted, exchanged, and interacted each other, resulting in producing a new mass culture. To resolve all these questions, the study focuses on the case of Bibliothèque Bleue, one of the most popular and recreational forms of literature at the time. The author arrives at the following tentative conclusions: 1) a kind of reading revolution took place during the 18th century, which was characterized by a transition from sacred reading for belief to secular reading for leisure and pleasure; 2) primarily due to the lack of sources which simultaneously recorded both technological innovations and readers’ response to them, it is very difficult at the moment, if not totally impossible, to ‘prove’ any significant relationship existing between development of specific technology in printing and specific pattern of popular reading; 3) more careful and nuanced application of technological determinism and social construction of technology is required to understand the serious gap between the absence of significant technological changes and the apparent emergence of alternative culture in popular reading. The author regretfully wishes that the renewal of research on controversial nature of the Bibliothèque Bleue from the perspective of techno-cultural history would somehow shed a new light on the complicated relationships between technology and reading in 18th century France.
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