17세기 조선국경지역에서의 민의 유동 일고찰

Abstract

This paper mainly discusses the Korean immigrants in seventeenth Century. Tens of thousands of Koreans as war prisoners were forced to emigrate to Liaodong area after Hong Taiji’s invasions of Chosŏn (Joseon). A large number of Koreans captured to Liaodong had been put into Manchu Banners or fall into Jurchen noble manor becoming slaves by the name of Aha, most of which entered the Pass (Shanhaiguan) with Manchu Banners and had been assimilated during the integration of the Manchu and Han nationalities, and few of which like Park’s family had been still preserved their own customs and habits for hundreds of years. The genealogy shows that their ancestors were Koreans. Later surveys confirmed that Park’s family are the descendants of Koreans who had been forced to immigrate during the period of above-mentioned two disorders, and now, at their strong request, they have resumed their ethnicity. Park’s family peculiar experience has become an important subject not only to historical folklore but also multi-culture and intergrowth in the border areas. In short, due to “compulsory immigration”, a large number of Koreans migrated to Manchuria and formed ethnic societies maintaining their own ethnic customs until now and eventually restored their ethnicity. After Ding Mao’s disorder, Later Jin (Houjin) accused Chosŏn (Joseon) dynasty government violating the principle of “defending each frontier” of Jianghua Covenant by the Koreans crossing border problem. Ginseng is, of course, an important financial source for the Jurchen Later Jin wanted to exchange commodities such as ginseng and silver for the necessary daily necessities through the “Opening Trade”. However, due to the non-cooperation of Chosŏn (Joseon) dynasty authority the progress of opening trade went badly so that the discontent of Later Jin had been increasingly. The Qing Dynasty’s attitude toward cross-border issues became more rigid after Bingzi disorder. Once Korean ginseng collectors were arrested, officials had been sent to protest against to Royal Highness Embassy (Shiziguan) in Fengtian, or envoys had been sent to Chosŏn (Joseon) dynasty to strongly demand that the violators of crossing border be severely punished. During the reign of Shunzhi, Qing Dynasty eased its policy toward, Chosŏn (Joseon) dynasty but in the late 17th century, Chosŏn (Joseon) dynasty government was sensitive to cross-border issues and formulated strict regulations to deal with offenders and related personnel. But the Koreans did not stop crossing the border. The main reason is that the Korean border-men made their living by collecting ginseng and hunting. In addition, due to the natural disasters in the Little Ice Age at the end of the 17th century, Korean border-men in the north of the Korean Peninsula violated the national law by crossing the border to collect ginseng, and even murdered people across the border. The cross-border killing has become the direct cause of boundary survey the two countries.