Processing Modes and Focus on Form Mechanisms for SLA
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The output hypothesis (Swain, 1985, 1995, 1998) is tested with regard to acquisition outcome, as measured by a pretest and two post tests, and also with regard to focus on form procedures employed by L2 speakers and listeners. Seven vocabulary items and eight grammatical structures were selected from a 156-word text in order to compare focus on form and acquisition as they occurred for vocabulary and structure. Focus on form procedures included underlining target forms in the text, speaking the target form, hearing the target form, and negotiating the meaning of the target form. Results showed no relationship between score gain and speaking and listening roles. Nor was there a consistent relationship between focus on form occurrences and acquisition. Binary logistic regression did show, however, that one focus on form procedure, ‘speaking the target form’ predicted acquisition overall and particularly for the speakers and structures, as measured on the delayed post test. It was concluded that the effect of output production is more accurately measured by the actual speaking of the target form, and of structures in particular, than by the assigned role of speaking. The output hypothesis, therefore, was supported in its finest level of analysis.
Abstract
The output hypothesis (Swain, 1985, 1995, 1998) is tested with regard to acquisition outcome, as measured by a pretest and two post tests, and also with regard to focus on form procedures employed by L2 speakers and listeners. Seven vocabulary items and eight grammatical structures were selected from a 156-word text in order to compare focus on form and acquisition as they occurred for vocabulary and structure. Focus on form procedures included underlining target forms in the text, speaking the target form, hearing the target form, and negotiating the meaning of the target form. Results showed no relationship between score gain and speaking and listening roles. Nor was there a consistent relationship between focus on form occurrences and acquisition. Binary logistic regression did show, however, that one focus on form procedure, ‘speaking the target form’ predicted acquisition overall and particularly for the speakers and structures, as measured on the delayed post test. It was concluded that the effect of output production is more accurately measured by the actual speaking of the target form, and of structures in particular, than by the assigned role of speaking. The output hypothesis, therefore, was supported in its finest level of analysis.
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