할하 몽골어 보조동사구문에 대하여

Abstract

This paper analyzes auxiliary verb constructions (AVC) in Khalkha Mongolian, comparing them with those in Korean. It discusses the following 15 Khalkha Mongolian auxiliary verbs: avax `to take`, aldax `to lose`, baix `to be`, bolox `to become`, garax `to get out`, gex `to say`, irex `to come`, medex `to know`, orxix `to throw away`, o¨go¨x `to give`, suux `to sit, live`, u¨zex `to see`, cˇadax `to be able to`, yavax `to go`, yadax `to exhaust`. Khalkha Mongolian AVCs are similar to Korean AVCs in several aspects. First, their morpho-syntactic structure is similar in that an auxiliary verb follows a main verb mainly suffixed by a connective ending. Second, a number of auxiliary verbs in the two languages seem to have gone through similar pathways of auxiliarization. They have similar lexical meanings as a main verb and similar semantic functions as an auxiliary. Third, AVCs in the two languages primarily indicate aspectual or modal meanings, though they may describe other meanings such as tense in Khalkha Mongolian, and causation, passiveness or negation in Korean. Fourth, most of auxiliary verbs in the two languages are versatile in that they can be used not only as an auxiliary but also as a main verb. But Mongolian verbs such as cˇadax `to be able to`, yadax `to exhaust` are mainly used as an auxiliary like the Korean verb siphta `to hope`. Fifth, connective endings used in the auxiliary constructions in the two languages are very muh restricted. Four connective endings are typically used in AVCs of the two languages: -j, -aad, -n, -saar in Khalkha Mongolian, and -Ro, -a, -Re, -ji in Korean. It is predetermined which connective ending a preceding verb takes in each AVC. When the preceding verb takes a different connective ending, the AVC indicates a different meaning in Korean, as shown in -Ro issta and -a/e issta. In Khalkha Mongolian, however, different connective endings may be taken by the preceding verb without changing the AVC`s meaning, which is exemplified in -j o¨go¨x and -aad o¨go¨x. In most AVCs of the two languages, the preceding verb takes a connective ending. But it may take different kind of endings, as well. Preceding verbs of AVCs in Khalkha Mongolian may take a verbal noun suffix, whereas those in Korean may take either a nominalizing suffix, an attributive suffix, or a sentence-terminal suffix. While auxiliary verb constructions in the two languages show many similarities, they reveal several differences as well. For example, though the Mongolian -j baix construction and the Korean -Ro issta construction have similar morpho-syntactic structure and semantic function, they show different lexical restriction on the preceding verb. Both the Mongolian -aad baix construction and the Korean -a issta construction indicate the Resultative meaning. But the former indicates the Continuous meaning as well, whereas the latter cannot.