서울말과 경상도 방언의 운율유형론

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to set up prosodic typology and to discuss the type and typological characteristics of Seoul and Kyungsang Korean prosody. In order to establish the prosodic typology, the typological characteristics of stress languages, tone languages, pitch-accent languages, and stress-pitch languages are discussed in detail, which is summarized as follows: Stress languages: 1) Pitch is assigned to each syllable of a word on the phonetic (postlexical) level by tune (intonation)-text association. 2) The pitch relationship between the syllables of a word is easily changed because of intonation. 3) This change causes the difference in intonational meaning, but not in lexical meaning. 4) Stress is assigned to one syllable of a word on the phonological (lexical) level. 5) Stress has a culminative function, accentual function, rhythmic function, and intonational function. 6) Stress is essential for the rule formulation and explanation of certain phonological processes. 7) In free stress languages, stress has a distinctive function and stress placement is unpredictable by rule. 8) In fixed stress languages, stress does not have a distinctive function and stress placement is predictable by rule. Tone languages: 1) Pitch has a distinctive function. 2) Tone is assigned to each syllable of a word on the phonological level. 3) Since intonation is constrained by underlying tones, the pitch relationship between the syllables of a word cannot be easily reversed on the phonetic level. 4) Only a limited set of intonation patterns is observed. Pitch-accent languages: Pitch-accent languages have all the above mentioned typological characteristics of tone languages. The typological differences between pitch-accent and tone languages arc as follows: 1) There arc one or more marked tones which function to neutralize the following underlying tones. 2) Underlying tones of a word following the first marked tone are neutralized to a certain tone. 3) Underlying tones preceding the first marked tone are modulated by the tone modulating process. (This approach is different from that of the accentual analysis developed by McCawley and Japanese scholars.) Stress-pitch languages: 1) A contrastive tone is assigned to one (stressed) syllable of a word on the phonological level. 2) The pitch of the other syllables of the word is assigned by intonation on the phonetic level. 3) The pitch relationship between the syllables of the word may be changed because of intonation, but the contrastive tone assigned on the phonological level is maintained. Based on the discussion of prosodic typology, the type and typological characteristics of Seoul and Kyungsang Korean prosody are investigated. In Seoul Korean, it is shown that pitch is assigned to each syllable of a word on the phonetic level by tune (intonation)-text association, and that the pitch relationship between the syllables of the word is easily changed, resulting in the difference in intonational meaning. It is also shown that stress is assigned to one syllable of a word on the phonological level, that stress has a culminative function, accentual function, rhythmic function, and intonational function, and that stress is essential for the rule formulation and explanation of the phonetic vowel shortening process. Since stress does not have a distinctive function and stress placement is predictable by rule, Seoul Korean is proved to be a fixed stress language. In Kyungsang Korean, it is shown that pitch (tone) has a distinctive function and is assigned to each syllable of a word on the phonological level. It is also shown that intonation is constrained by underlying tones and the pitch relationship between the syllables of a word cannot be easily reversed on the phonetic level, and that only a limited set of intonation patterns is observed. Hence it is proved that Kyungsang Korean is basically a tone language. It is argued that Kyungsang Korean can be regarded as a kind of pitch-accent lang