한국어 문장의 계층구조

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to clarify the structure of sentences in Korean. Chapter 1 describes the methodology of this study - "linguistic-factism" - which is based on analysis of abundant linguistic facts. In concrete terms, the present research is based on investigation of 13,889 sentences collected from novels, dramas, broadcast scripts, etc. and linguistic data collected from native speakers. In chapter 2, units of language such as text, utterance, sentence, slovosochetaie (word combination), word and morpheme are surveyed, and modus and modality are identified as necessary conditions for sentence-formation. A sentence is seen as consisting of a "proposition" which expresses the event and "modality" which expresses the subjective attitude of the speaker. Modality is seen as consisting of "event-oriented modality" which expresses the speaker`s subjective attitude toward the event and "hearer-oriented modality" which expresses the speaker`s subjective attitude toward the hearer. We can recognize slovosochetanie, a combination of words, as a unit which has the function of naming the matter in the sentence. In Chapter 3, issues regarding subject and predicate are discussed. The nucleus of the sentence in Korean is the predicate. A subject and/or other components of sentences participate in forming sentences when necessary. The subject and other components except for the predicate are optional. In this point, Korean differs definitively from languages such as English and German in which a subject is indispensable in forming a sentence with a predicate. Regarding predicates, there are two types of sentence: "predicate sentences", which are integrated by a predicate, and "non-predicate sentences", which are not integrated by a predicate. Chapter 4 deals with the basic notions of sentence and clause. There are three types of clause: main clause, coordinate clause and subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses may be divided into adverbial clause, nominal clause, quoted clause and adnominal clause. An adnominal clause always requires a noun, and is therefore weak in independence compared with other subordinate clauses. Unlike coordinate clauses in English such as the structure "sentence + and + sentence", in Korean, only predicate sentences placed in parallel, i.e. in parataxis, are pure coordinate clauses. Clauses integrated by hako or hamye resemble adverbial clauses which are independent only in their meaning. The structure of such clauses is "sub-sentence + sentence". In adnominal clauses only -ka/-i is used as subject marker, while -nun/-un is not used in general. However, -nun/-un can be used in cases where the marker expresses comparison or contrast. The adnominal forms of adjectives contain an opposition of tense, for example "alumtawu-n kkwum" vs. "alumtawue-ssten kkwum", like adnominal clauses, and are therefore also seen as a kind of adnominal clause. There are also expanded clauses which have their structure expanded by use of adnominal forms or nominal forms of verbs. Many expanded clauses are grammaticalized as mood forms of verbs. In Chapter 5, the inner structure of clauses is investigated. It is noticeable that what kind of elements can be included in subordinate clauses depends not only on form but also on function and meaning. "Manner clause", the smallest clause, cannot include sentence adverb, topic word, subject, obstojachel`stovo i.e. adverbial of time or place, negative polarity item, etc. Moreover manner clauses do not have oppositions of tense, therefore they may be called "pseudoclauses". Conditional clauses are larger than manner clauses, and can include subject. And reason clauses, concessive clauses, opposite clauses are even larger, in this order, and become progressively similar to the structure of main clauses. The subcategories of verbs and the categories of slovosochetanie function as factors in determining the inner structure of clauses.