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범주 응집성과 기저율의 상호작용이 속성 일반화에 미치는 효과

Effect of Interaction between the Base-rate and Category Coherence on Property Generalization

이형철|김신우|이국희
한국인지및생물심리학회 (Korean Society For Cognitive and Biological Psychology)|2020.01|한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 (Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology)|제32권 제1호|pp. 1-19|DOI 10.22172/cogbio.2020.32.1.001

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키워드

범주 응집성속성 기저율속성 일반화귀납추론고정관념 형성category coherenceproperty base-rateproperty generalizationinductive reasoningstereotyping
주제분류심리과학

초록

본 연구는 직업과 같은 사회적 범주에서 지각된 범주 응집성이 기저율과 어떻게 상호작용하여 속성 일반화에 영향을 미치는지 확인하기 위해 이루어졌다. 이를 위한 실험 1은 참가자들에게 속성 기저율(30% vs. 70%) 정보를 경험적으로 습득(한 사례씩 관찰)하게 하였다. 이를 확인한 참가자들은 응집성이 높은 범주(직업 군인, 비행기 승무원 등)와 낮은 범주(과외교사, 도서관 사서 등)의 구성원 세 명에게서 기저율 30% 혹은 70%의 속성이 반복 관찰될 경우 네 번째 구성원에게서도 동일한 속성이 관찰될 가능성이 어느 정도인지 0-100%로 추론하는 과제를 수행하였다. 실험 2는 속성 기저율 정보를 언어적으로 습득(기저율을 %로 명시함)한 후에 실험 1과 동일한 추론과제를 수행하였다. 결과적으로 실험 1과 2 모두 기저율 30%의 속성에 대한 일반화가 기저율 70%의 속성보다 강해지는 기저율의 주효과가 나타났고, 범주 응집성이 높은 범주에 대한 일반화가 응집성이 낮은 범주에 대한 일반화보다 강해지는 응집성의 주효과가 나타났으며, 속성 기저율 30%일 때의 범주 응집성 효과가 기저율 70%일 때보다 더 뚜렷해지는 기저율과 범주 응집성의 상호작용이 나타났다. 본 연구는 범주 응집성과 기저율 차이가 속성 일반화에 미치는 효과를 통합적으로 다루었다는 측면에서 선행연구에서 한 걸음 더 나아갔다. 본 연구는 한국사회에서 증가하고 있는 다문화 가정 후세대와 외국인에 대한 고정관념 형성에도 시사점을 가진다.

Abstract

This study seeks to examine how property generalization is influenced by the interaction between base-rate and perceived category coherence in social categories like occupation. To this end, in Experiment 1, we empirically acquired (observing each case) base-rate property information (30% vs. 70%). When a base-rate property of 30% or 70% was repeatedly observed from three members of high-cohesive (professional soldiers, flight attendants, and comedians) and low-cohesive (private tutors, librarians, and community service center employees) categories, we estimated 0–100% likelihood that the same property will be observed in the fourth member. In Experiment 2, we carried out the same inductive reasoning task as Experiment 1, after verbally acquiring base-rate property information (specifying the base rate as a percentage). In both Experiments 1 and 2, results revealed the following: the main effect of the base rate was that property generalization became stronger at the 30% than 70% base rate; the main effect of category coherence was that property generalization became stronger for the high-cohesive category than for the low-cohesive category; and the interaction between base rate and category coherence showed that the effect of category coherence was more pronounced at the 30% than 70% base rate. This study went a step further than prior studies in that it examined comprehensively the effect of the difference in base rate and category coherence on property generalization. It has implications for stereotyping second-generation, multiracial families, and foreigners whose numbers are increasing in Korean society.

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