Occurrence patterns and population genetic analysis of the clearwing moth, Synanthedon bicingulata (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), in Jeollanam-do, South Korea
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The clearwing moth, Synanthedon bicingulata (Staudinger, 1887) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), is a major wood-boring pest of cherry trees (Prunus spp.), which are widely planted as ornamentals in urban landscapes across South Korea. Given the high prevalence of Prunus species, S. bicingulata has emerged as a critical issue in urban tree management. This study aimed to acquire baseline ecological and genetic data referable to guide future scrutinized study for control strategies. Field survey was carried out over two years (2023–2024) at five localities in Jeollanam-do using sex pheromone traps installed on Prunus trees. Moreover, population genetic analyses were performed using mitochondrial DNA sequences. Adult S. bicingulata was continuously captured from mid-April to mid-November, with two capture peaks: the first in late April to late May and the second in mid- to late August. These results differ sharply from previous studies, showing about one-month earlier and one-month extended capture, with about one-month earlier capture peak, particularly in the first capture peak, suggesting potential phenological shifts. Moreover, a substantial capture increase about one month later after each capture peak also suggests the potential of phenological change. Mitochondrial cox1 (658 bp) sequences of 55 individuals revealed relatively low divergence among nine haplotypes with the maximum of only 0.456% (3 bp). However, notable difference in haplotype distribution, along with the related results were detected among populations, even though all sampling sites were located within relatively narrow geographic range, implying limited dispersal. Our study provides a baseline information that the control practice can be focused in accordance with the adult emergence period and highlights the need for site- or region-specific management rather than broad-scale control approaches. As this study focused only on the Jeollanam-do and only used maternally inherited mitochondrial gene segment the nationwide field surveys coupled with co-dominant molecular analyses are essential to validate the current findings.
Abstract
The clearwing moth, Synanthedon bicingulata (Staudinger, 1887) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), is a major wood-boring pest of cherry trees (Prunus spp.), which are widely planted as ornamentals in urban landscapes across South Korea. Given the high prevalence of Prunus species, S. bicingulata has emerged as a critical issue in urban tree management. This study aimed to acquire baseline ecological and genetic data referable to guide future scrutinized study for control strategies. Field survey was carried out over two years (2023–2024) at five localities in Jeollanam-do using sex pheromone traps installed on Prunus trees. Moreover, population genetic analyses were performed using mitochondrial DNA sequences. Adult S. bicingulata was continuously captured from mid-April to mid-November, with two capture peaks: the first in late April to late May and the second in mid- to late August. These results differ sharply from previous studies, showing about one-month earlier and one-month extended capture, with about one-month earlier capture peak, particularly in the first capture peak, suggesting potential phenological shifts. Moreover, a substantial capture increase about one month later after each capture peak also suggests the potential of phenological change. Mitochondrial cox1 (658 bp) sequences of 55 individuals revealed relatively low divergence among nine haplotypes with the maximum of only 0.456% (3 bp). However, notable difference in haplotype distribution, along with the related results were detected among populations, even though all sampling sites were located within relatively narrow geographic range, implying limited dispersal. Our study provides a baseline information that the control practice can be focused in accordance with the adult emergence period and highlights the need for site- or region-specific management rather than broad-scale control approaches. As this study focused only on the Jeollanam-do and only used maternally inherited mitochondrial gene segment the nationwide field surveys coupled with co-dominant molecular analyses are essential to validate the current findings.