본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

정신질환의 진단 및 통계 편람(DSM) 조현병 진단 개념의 변천: 1980년에서 2013년까지

Changes in the DSM Diagnostic Concept of Schizophrenia: From 1980 to 2013

2

조회

0

다운로드

2

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류정신과학

초록

Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a biologically caused mental disease. However, its causes and pathophysiology have not yet been clearly defined. Unlike physical diseases that are defined using specific biomarkers, mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, are usually diagnosed using the diagnostic criteria established by the consensus of a professional committee. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association is widely used as the authoritative guide for the diagnosis of mental disorders, including schizophrenia. If the cause and pathophysiology of a disease are uncertain, a diagnostic concept should be considered valid only when the course, prognosis, or treatment response is generally predictable and consistent. However, patients with schizophrenia who are diagnosed based on the criteria defined by the DSM frequently display varied disease courses and outcomes. This strongly suggests that the current diagnostic concept of schizophrenia in the DSM fails to meet the standards for a valid diagnosis. Although this limitation has been recognized since the DSM-III was published, many psychiatrists today mistakenly believe that the diagnostic concept in the DSM looks at schizophrenia as an explicit disease rather than as a concept. In this review article, we analyze the historical changes in the concepts and diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia. We believe that this will help us to better understand the nature of the current diagnostic approach and also improve our understanding of how the DSM should be used in research and everyday clinical practice.

Abstract

Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a biologically caused mental disease. However, its causes and pathophysiology have not yet been clearly defined. Unlike physical diseases that are defined using specific biomarkers, mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, are usually diagnosed using the diagnostic criteria established by the consensus of a professional committee. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association is widely used as the authoritative guide for the diagnosis of mental disorders, including schizophrenia. If the cause and pathophysiology of a disease are uncertain, a diagnostic concept should be considered valid only when the course, prognosis, or treatment response is generally predictable and consistent. However, patients with schizophrenia who are diagnosed based on the criteria defined by the DSM frequently display varied disease courses and outcomes. This strongly suggests that the current diagnostic concept of schizophrenia in the DSM fails to meet the standards for a valid diagnosis. Although this limitation has been recognized since the DSM-III was published, many psychiatrists today mistakenly believe that the diagnostic concept in the DSM looks at schizophrenia as an explicit disease rather than as a concept. In this review article, we analyze the historical changes in the concepts and diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia. We believe that this will help us to better understand the nature of the current diagnostic approach and also improve our understanding of how the DSM should be used in research and everyday clinical practice.

참고문헌 (159)

  1. Hilker R, "Heritability of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum based on the nationwide Danish twin register", Biol Psychiatry, 83, pp.492~498 (2018)
  2. Gejman PV, "The role of genetics in the etiology of schizophrenia", Psychiatr Clin North Am, 33, pp.35~66 (2010)
  3. Mindham RH, "Diagnoses are not diseases", Br J Psychiatry, 161, pp.686~691 (1992)
  4. Joo YH, "Subtype of schizophrenia", Korean J Psychopathol, 8, pp.127~139 (1999)
  5. Robins E, "Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness : its application to schizophrenia", Am J Psychiatry, 126, pp.983~987 (1970)
  6. Carpenter WT Jr, "The heterogeneity of the long-term course of schizophrenia", Schizophr Bull, 14, pp.645~652 (1988)
  7. Case M, "The heterogeneity of antipsychotic response in the treatment of schizophrenia", Psychol Med, 41, pp.1291~1300 (2011)
  8. Huber G, "The heterogeneous course of schizophrenia", Schizophr Res, 28, pp.177~185 (1997)
  9. Miller G. Psychiatry, "Beyond DSM : seeking a brain-based classification of mental illness", Science, 327, pp.1437~ (2010)
  10. Jablensky A, "The diagnostic concept of schizophrenia: its history, evolution, and future prospects", Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 12, pp.271~287 (2010)
  11. Decker HS, "How Kraepelinian was Kraepelin? How Kraepelinian are the neo-Kraepelinians?--from Emil Kraepelin to DSM-III", Hist Psychiatry, 18, pp.337~360 (2007)
  12. Angst J, "Historical aspects of the dichotomy between manic-depressive disorders and schizophrenia", Schizophr Res, 57, pp.5~13 (2002)
  13. Mason D, "‘A more perfect arrangement of plants’: the botanical model in psychiatric nosology, 1676 to the present day", Hist Psychiatry, 29, pp.131~146 (2018)
  14. Bleuler E, "Dementia praecox; or, the group of schizophrenias" (1911), Franz Deuticke
  15. Berrios GE, "Eugen Bleuler’s place in the history of psychiatry", Schizophr Bull, 37, pp.1095~1098 (2011)
  16. Modestin J, "Long-term course of schizophrenic illness : Bleuler’s study reconsidered", Am J Psychiatry, 160, pp.2202~2208 (2003)
  17. Heckers S, "Bleuler and the neurobiology of schizophrenia", Schizophr Bull, 37, pp.1131~1135 (2011)
  18. Andreasen NC, "The American concept of schizophrenia", Schizophr Bull, 15, pp.519~531 (1989)
  19. Schneider K, "Clinical psychopathology" (1959), Grune & Stratton
  20. Schneider K, "Psychischer befund und psychiatrische diagnose" (1939), Georg Thieme
  21. Rosen C, "Diagnostic and prognostic significance of Schneiderian first-rank symptoms : a 20-year longitudinal study of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder", Compr Psychiatry, 52, pp.126~131 (2011)
  22. Soares-Weiser K, "First rank symptoms for schizophrenia", Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1 (2015)
  23. Nordgaard J, "The diagnostic status of first-rank symptoms", Schizophr Bull, 34, pp.137~154 (2008)
  24. Keefe RS, "Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia", Handb Exp Pharmacol, 213, pp.11~37 (2012)
  25. Elvevåg B, "Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is the core of the disorder", Crit Rev Neurobiol, 14, pp.1~21 (2000)
  26. Kahn RS, "Schizophrenia is a cognitive illness : time for a change in focus", JAMA Psychiatry, 70, pp.1107~1112 (2013)
  27. DeLisi LE, "Understanding structural brain changes in schizophrenia", Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 8, pp.71~78 (2006)
  28. Andreone N, "Cerebral atrophy and white matter disruption in chronic schizophrenia", Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 257, pp.3~11 (2007)
  29. Shenton ME, "A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia", Schizophr Res, 49, pp.1~52 (2001)
  30. Honea R, "Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia : a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies", Am J Psychiatry, 162, pp.2233~2245 (2005)
  31. Starr P, "The social transformation of American medicine" (1982), Basic Books
  32. Gitre EJ, "The great escape: World War II, neo-freudianism, and the origins of U.S. psychocultural analysis", J Hist Behav Sci, 47, pp.18~43 (2011)
  33. Menninger RW, "American psychiatry after World War II (1944-1994)" (2008), American Psychiatric Press, Inc
  34. American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual : mental disorders" (1952), American Psychiatric Association
  35. Grob GN, "From asylum to community : mental health policy in modern America" (1991), Princeton University Press
  36. Wilson M, "DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry : a history", Am J Psychiatry, 150, pp.399~410 (1993)
  37. Horwitz AV, "The encyclopedia of clinical psychology", pp.1~6 (2014), John Wiley
  38. Meyer A, "Constructive formulation of schizophrenia", Am J Psychiatry, 78, pp.355~364 (1922)
  39. Lidz RW, "The family environment of schizophrenic patients", Am J Psychiatry, 106, pp.332~345 (1949)
  40. Pious WL, "The pathogenic process in schizophrenia", Bull Menninger Clin, 13, pp.152~159 (1949)
  41. Bak RC, "Object-relationships in schizophrenia and perversion", Int J Psychoanal, 52, pp.235~242 (1971)
  42. Wexler M, "Schizophrenia : conflict and deficiency", Psychoanal Q, 40, pp.83~99 (1971)
  43. Houts AC, "Fifty years of psychiatric nomenclature: reflections on the 1943 War Department Technical Bulletin, Medical 203", J Clin Psychol, 56, pp.935~967 (2000)
  44. Vahia VN, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5 : a quick glance", Indian J Psychiatry, 55, pp.220~223 (2013)
  45. Shorter E, "The history of nosology and the rise of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders", Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 17, pp.59~67 (2015)
  46. International classification of diseases, "World Health Organization", WHO, ~ (1947)
  47. War Deparment, "Nomenclature of psychiatric disorders and reactions:War Department Technical Bulletin, Medical 203", J Clin Psychol, 2, pp.289~296 (1946)
  48. American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders" (1968), American Psychiatric Association
  49. Blashfield R, "An evaluation of the DSM-II classification of schizophrenia as a nomenclature", J Abnorm Psychol, 82, pp.382~389 (1973)
  50. Bayer R, "Neurosis, psychodynamics, and DSM-III. A history of the controversy", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 42, pp.187~196 (1985)
  51. Grob GN, "Origins of DSM-I : a study in appearance and reality", Am J Psychiatry, 148, pp.421~431 (1991)
  52. Sartorius N, "WHO international pilot study of schizophrenia", Psychol Med, 2, pp.422~425 (1972)
  53. Gurland BJ, "Cross-national study of diagnosis of mental disorders : hospital diagnoses and hospital patients in New York and London", Compr Psychiatry, 11, pp.18~25 (1970)
  54. Cooper JE, "Psychiatric diagnosis in New York and London : a comparative study of mental hospital admissions" (1972), Oxford University Press
  55. Kendell RE, "Diagnostic criteria of American and British psychiatrists", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 25, pp.123~130 (1971)
  56. Kuriansky JB, "On trends in the diagnosis of schizophrenia", Am J Psychiatry, 131, pp.402~408 (1974)
  57. Spitzer RL, "A re-analysis of the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis", Br J Psychiatry, 125, pp.341~347 (1974)
  58. Beck AT, "Reliability of psychiatric diagnosis. 2. A study of consistency of clinical judgments and ratings", Am J Psychiatry, 119, pp.351~357 (1962)
  59. Szasz TS, "The myth of mental illness" (1961), Harper & Row
  60. Nasrallah HA, "The antipsychiatry movement : who and why", Current Psychiatry, 10, pp.4~53 (2011)
  61. Lewis B, "Psychiatry and postmodern theory", J Med Humanit, 21, pp.71~84 (2000)
  62. Foucault M, "Madness and civilization : a history of insanity in the age of reason" (1988), Vintage Books
  63. Foucault M, "Discipline and punish : the birth of the prison" (2012), Vintage Books
  64. Felix G, "A thousand plateaus : capitalism and schizophrenia" (1987), University of Minnesota
  65. Foucault M, "History of madness" (2013), Routledge
  66. Mechanic D, "Emerging trends in mental health policy and practice", Health Aff(Millwood), 17, pp.82~98 (1998)
  67. Sturm R, "How expensive is unlimited mental health care coverage under managed care?", JAMA, 278, pp.1533~1537 (1997)
  68. Horwitz AV, "Creating mental illness" (2002), University of Chicago Press
  69. Hale Jr NG, "The rise and crisis of psychoanalysis in the United States : Freud and the Americans, 1917–1985" (1995), Oxford University Press
  70. Frank RG, "Paying for mental health and substance abuse care", Health Aff(Millwood), 13, pp.337~342 (1994)
  71. Rochefort DA, "From poorhouses to homelessness: policy analysis and mental health care", pp.1997, Auburn House
  72. Grob GN, "Mad, homeless, and unwanted. A history of the care of the chronic mentally ill in America", Psychiatr Clin North Am, 17, pp.541~558 (1994)
  73. Crane GE, "Tardive dyskinesia in patients treated with major neuroleptics : a review of the literature", Am J Psychiatry, 124(8 Suppl), pp.40~48 (1968)
  74. Kane JM, "Tardive dyskinesia: prevalence and risk factors, 1959 to 1979", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 39, pp.473~481 (1982)
  75. Katz MM, "Studies of the diagnostic process:the influence of symptom perception, past experience, and ethnic background on diagnostic decisions", Am J Psychiatry, 125, pp.937~947 (1969)
  76. Klerman GL, "Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia", Annu Rev Med, 25, pp.199~217 (1974)
  77. Ghaemi SN, "Nosologomania : DSM & Karl Jaspers’ critique of Kraepelin", Philos Ethics Humanit Med, 4, pp.10~ (2009)
  78. Mayes R, "DSM-III and the revolution in the classification of mental illness", J Hist Behav Sci, 41, pp.249~267 (2005)
  79. Heckers S, "Structure of the psychotic disorders classification in DSM-5", Schizophr Res, 150, pp.11~14 (2013)
  80. Pasnau RO, "The remedicalization of psychiatry", Hosp Community Psychiatry, 38, pp.145~151 (1987)
  81. American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders" (1980), American Psychiatric Association
  82. Spitzer RL, "DSM-III : the major achievements and an overview", Am J Psychiatry, 137, pp.151~164 (1980)
  83. Decker HS, "The making of DSM-III : a diagnostic manual’s conquest of American psychiatry" (2013), Oxford University Press
  84. Snyder A, "Robert L Spitzer", Lancet, 387, pp.428~ (2016)
  85. Speigel A, "The dictionary of disorder : how one man revolutionized psychiatry", Ann Med, 23, pp.1~11 (2005)
  86. Campbell ND, "The spirit of St Louis: the contributions of Lee N. Robins to North American psychiatric epidemiology", Int J Epidemiol, 43(Suppl 1), pp.i19~i28 (2014)
  87. Compton WM, "The neo-Kraepelinian revolution in psychiatric diagnosis", Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 245, pp.196~201 (1995)
  88. Kirk SA, "The myth of the reliability of DSM", J Mind Behav, 15, pp.71~86 (1994)
  89. Frances A, "Robert Spitzer : the most influential psychiatrist of his time", Lancet Psychiatry, 3, pp.110~111 (2016)
  90. Davies J, "How voting and consensus created the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(DSM-III)", Anthropol Med, 24, pp.32~46 (2017)
  91. Tyrer P, "Robert Spitzer’s legacy : agreement is halfway to truth", BJPsych Bull, 42, pp.198~199 (2018)
  92. Spitzer RL, "DSM-III field trials: I. Initial interrater diagnostic reliability", Am J Psychiatry, 136, pp.815~817 (1979)
  93. Spitzer RL, "Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in DSM-III", Schizophr Bull, 4, pp.489~511 (1978)
  94. Andreasen NC, "Schizophrenia : the characteristic symptoms", Schizophr Bull, 17, pp.27~49 (1991)
  95. Wing JK, "Measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms : an instruction manual for the PSE and CATEGO program" (2012), Cambridge University Press
  96. Luria RE, "Reliability and clinical utility of the"Wing"present state examination", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 30, pp.866~871 (1974)
  97. Feighner JP, "Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 26, pp.57~63 (1972)
  98. Spitzer RL, "Research diagnostic criteria : rationale and reliability", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 35, pp.773~782 (1978)
  99. Kendler KS, "An historical framework for psychiatric nosology", Psychol Med, 39, pp.1935~1941 (2009)
  100. Kendler KS, "The development of the Feighner criteria : a historical perspective", Am J Psychiatry, 167, pp.134~142 (2010)
  101. Moscarelli M, "A major flaw in the diagnosis of schizophrenia : what happened to the Schneider’s first rank symptoms", Psychol Med, 50, pp.1409~1417 (2020)
  102. Foussias G, "Negative symptoms in schizophrenia : avolition and Occam’s razor", Schizophr Bull, 36, pp.359~369 (2010)
  103. Pogue-Geile MF, "Negative symptoms in schizophrenia : their longitudinal course and prognostic importance", Schizophr Bull, 11, pp.427~439 (1985)
  104. Möller HJ, "The Kraepelinian dichotomy : preliminary results of a 15-year follow-up study on functional psychoses : focus on negative symptoms", Schizophr Res, 56, pp.87~94 (2002)
  105. Keefe RS, "How should DSM-V criteria for schizophrenia include cognitive impairment?", Schizophr Bull, 33, pp.912~920 (2007)
  106. Keefe RS, "Should cognitive impairment be included in the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia?", World Psychiatry, 7, pp.22~28 (2008)
  107. Taylor MA, "Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia", Am J Psychiatry, 141, pp.196~201 (1984)
  108. Strauss JS, "The diagnosis and understanding of schizophrenia. Part III. Speculations on the processes that underlie schizophrenic symptoms and signs", Schizophr Bull, 11, pp.61~69 (1974)
  109. Carpenter WT, "Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia : the concept", Am J Psychiatry, 145, pp.578~583 (1988)
  110. Andreasen NC, "Negative v positive schizophrenia. Definition and validation", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 39, pp.789~794 (1982)
  111. Andreasen NC, "Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Definition and reliability", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 39, pp.784~788 (1982)
  112. Kay SR, "The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS)for schizophrenia", Schizophr Bull, 13, pp.261~276 (1987)
  113. Kleinman A, "Rethinking psychiatry" (2008), Simon and Schuster
  114. Spitzer RL, "Clinical criteria for psychiatric diagnosis and DSM-III", Am J Psychiatry, 132, pp.1187~1192 (1975)
  115. American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, revised" (1987), American Psychiatric Association
  116. Fenton WS, "A comparison of DSMIII and DSM-III-R schizophrenia", Am J Psychiatry, 145, pp.1446~1449 (1988)
  117. American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders" (1994), American Psychiatric Association
  118. American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, text revision" (2000), American Psychiatric Association
  119. clinical psychiatry, "Kaplan and Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry : behavioral sciences", pp.2014, Sadock BJ
  120. Tamminga CA, "Deconstructing psychosis : refining the research agenda for DSM-V" (2009), American Psychiatric Association
  121. van Os J, "Deconstructing psychosis", Schizophr Bull, 33, pp.861~862 (2007)
  122. Allardyce J, "Deconstructing psychosis conference February 2006: the validity of schizophrenia and alternative approaches to the classification of psychosis", Schizophr Bull, 33, pp.863~867 (2007)
  123. Gaebel W, "The DSM-V initiative “deconstructing psychosis”in the context of Kraepelin’s concept on nosology", Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 258(Suppl 2), pp.41~47 (2008)
  124. Kirkpatrick B, "The NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms", Schizophr Bull, 32, pp.214~219 (2006)
  125. American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders" (2013), American Psychiatric Publishing
  126. Ross CA, "Problems with the psychosis section of DSM-5", Psychosis, 6, pp.235~241 (2014)
  127. Nemeroff CB, "DSM-5: a collection of psychiatrist views on the changes, controversies, and future directions", BMC Med, 11, pp.202~ (2013)
  128. Cermolacce M, "What is bizarre in bizarre delusions? A critical review", Schizophr Bull, 36, pp.667~679 (2010)
  129. Shinn AK, "Auditory hallucinations in a cross-diagnostic sample of psychotic disorder patients: a descriptive, cross-sectional study", Compr Psychiatry, 53, pp.718~726 (2012)
  130. Carpenter WT Jr, "Are there pathognomonic symptoms in schizophrenia? An empiric investigation of Schneider’s first-rank symptoms", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 28, pp.847~852 (1973)
  131. Goldman D, "Bizarre delusions and DSM-III-R schizophrenia", Am J Psychiatry, 149, pp.494~499 (1992)
  132. Peralta V, "Diagnostic significance of Schneider’s firstrank symptoms in schizophrenia. Comparative study between schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychotic disorders", Br J Psychiatry, 174, pp.243~248 (1999)
  133. McGlashan TH, "Classical subtypes for schizophrenia : literature review for DSM-IV", Schizophr Bull, 17, pp.609~632 (1991)
  134. Linscott RJ, "Seeking verisimilitude in a class : a systematic review of evidence that the criterial clinical symptoms of schizophrenia are taxonic", Schizophr Bull, 36, pp.811~829 (2009)
  135. Tandon R, "Does change in definition of psychotic symptoms in diagnosis of schizophrenia in DSM-5 affect caseness?", Asian J Psychiatr, 6, pp.330~332 (2013)
  136. Tandon R, "Definition and description of schizophrenia in the DSM-5", Schizophr Res, 150, pp.3~10 (2013)
  137. Kempf L, "Mood disorder with psychotic features, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia with mood features:trouble at the borders", Int Rev Psychiatry, 17, pp.9~19 (2005)
  138. 서미아, "청소년의 자살사고에 영향을 미치는 사회심리적 요인", 정신간호학회지, 20(3), pp.281~290 (2011), 한국정신간호학회
  139. Heckers S, "Catatonia in the DSM--shall we move or not?", Schizophr Bull, 36, pp.205~207 (2010)
  140. Fink M, "Catatonia is not schizophrenia : Kraepelin’s error and the need to recognize catatonia as an independent syndrome in medical nomenclature", Schizophr Bull, 36, pp.314~320 (2010)
  141. Rosebush PI, "Catatonia and its treatment", Schizophr Bull, 36, pp.239~242 (2010)
  142. Widiger TA, "The DSM-IV personality disorders", pp.433~458 (1995), Guilford Press
  143. Widiger TA, "Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder : shifting to a dimensional model", Am Psychol, 62, pp.71~83 (2007)
  144. Bhati MT, "Defining psychosis : the evolution of DSM-5 schizophrenia spectrum disorders", Curr Psychiatry Rep, 15, pp.409~ (2013)
  145. Faraone SV, ""Schizotaxia" : clinical implications and new directions for research", Schizophr Bull, 27, pp.1~18 (2001)
  146. Tsuang MT, "Schizotaxia : current status and future directions", Curr Psychiatry Rep, 5, pp.128~134 (2003)
  147. Jäger M, "Schizoaffective disorder--an ongoing challenge for psychiatric nosology", Eur Psychiatry, 26, pp.159~165 (2011)
  148. Hyman SE, "Neuroscience, genetics, and the future of psychiatric diagnosis", Psychopathology, 35, pp.139~144 (2002)
  149. Leboyer M, "Psychiatric genetics : search for phenotypes", Trends Neurosci, 21, pp.102~105 (1998)
  150. Leboyer M, "Searching for alternative phenotypes in psychiatric genetics", Methods Mol Med, 77, pp.145~161 (2003)
  151. Insel TR, "The NIMH Research Domain Criteria(RDoC)project : precision medicine for psychiatry", Am J Psychiatry, 171, pp.395~397 (2014)
  152. Cuthbert BN, "The RDoC framework : facilitating transition from ICD", DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology, 2014, pp.13, 28~35
  153. Allardyce J, "Do symptom dimensions or categorical diagnoses best discriminate between known risk factors for psychosis?", Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 42, pp.429~437 (2007)
  154. Demjaha A, "Combining dimensional and categorical representation of psychosis: the way forward for DSM-V and ICD-11?", Psychol Med, 39, pp.1943~1955 (2009)
  155. Fenton WS, "Diagnosis of schizophrenia : a critical review of current diagnostic systems", Schizophr Bull, 7, pp.452~476 (1981)
  156. Winokur G, "Cause the bible tells me so", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 45, pp.683~684 (1988)
  157. Andreasen NC, "DSM and the death of phenomenology in America : an example of unintended consequences", Schizophr Bull, 33, pp.108~112 (2007)
  158. Tandon R, "Schizophrenia, “just the facts”: what we know in 2008 part 1: overview", Schizophr Res, 100, pp.4~19 (2008)
  159. Tandon R, "Schizophrenia, “just the facts” what we know in 2008. 2. Epidemiology and etiology", Schizophr Res, 102, pp.1~18 (2008)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (16건)