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섬망 아형의 임상적 의의

Clinical Implication of Delirium Subtype

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주제분류정신과학

초록

섬망 아형의 분류는 섬망의 병태생리와 병인, 예후 및 치료반응에 대해 유용한 정보를 제공해준다. 과활동형 섬망은 우울증이나 치매로 종종 오인되는 저활동형 섬망과는 달리 정신운동활성의 증가로 인하여 간호사나 임상의들의 쉽게 알아차릴 수 있다. 실제로 임상에서 저활동형 섬망이 더 흔함에도 불구하고 각성과 인지장애가 두드러지지 않아 저활동형 섬망을 놓치는 경우가 많다. 이런 저활동형 섬망은 치료반응이 나쁘고 예후가 불량하기 때문에 조기 진단 및 조기치료가 더욱 중요하다. 그러나 섬망 아형의 정의가 아직 모호하고 합의가 이루어지지 않아 저활동형 섬망의 진단과 치료를 더욱 어렵게 하고 있다. 앞으로 국제적 합의에 바탕을 둔 유용한 섬망의 아형 분류가 반드시 필요하다. 향후 공통된 섬망의 아형과 다양한 증상들에 관한 요인분석이 이루어진다면 각 아형별로 진단기준을 강화하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다. 또한 이를 통해 섬망의 최종공통경로에 해당하는 핵심증상들과 병인과 관련된 2차적 증상들을 이해하는 데 큰 도움을 받을 수 있을 것이다.

Abstract

Delirium is a common and serious condition which is often under-detected and under-treated. This may be partly due to a lack of concensus regarding the definition of its subtypes. Subtypes of delirium may be explained according to different pathophysiologic mechanisms. Three subtypes hyperactive, hypoactive, mixed) of delirium, based on arousal disturbance and psychomotor behavior have been identified. However, definitions may vary from author to author. Irrespective of the way delirium is diagnosed and the subtypes defined, the hypoactive subtype is more prevalent than the hyperactive. Despite this prevalence, a diagnosis of hypoactive delirium is often missed, and rather ismost frequently misdiagnosed as depression or dementia. The hypoactive delirium subtype may be less responsive to antipsychotic drug therapy than the hyperactive delirium subtype. Clinical subtypes of delirium may provide information concerning the etiology, the pathogenesis, and the prognosis of delirium, but also may have therapeutic consequences. There remains no consensus regarding the optimal classification system for delirium subtypes. More studies are needed to isolate two, three, or more delirium subtypes, in terms of predicting factors, outcome predictors, and therapeutic management.

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