본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

자살의 진화인류학적 고찰: 자살은 어떻게 진화할 수 있는가?

Evolutionary Anthropological Considerations of Suicide: How Has the Suicide Evolved?

0

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류정신과학

초록

Since suicide ends the life of the individual, it is difficult for suicidal behavior to evolve. All humans are prone to suicide, however. In addition to being a human idea, it is ubiquitous across cultures. The high inheritability of suicidal behavior suggests that suicide does not only occur following a trauma that is socio-cultural in nature. In the past, a number of psychological, social, cultural, biological, and psychiatric explanations have attempted to explain the causes and mechanisms of suicidal behavior, but none of these explanations resolved its evolutionary puzzle. Several genetic approaches are discussed in this paper regarding the evolution of suicidal behavior. These approaches include mutation-selection balance, genetic drift, neutral evolution, balancing selection, and directional selection. A previous discussion detailed the inclusive fitness hypothesis and the by-product hypothesis. Taking them all together, suicide might be one of the by-products of the evolution of Homo sapiens. Also, the differences in suicide-related epidemiology between men and women are likely due to balancing selection, more specifically, sexually antagonistic selection. Hopefully, in the future, evolutionary simulation models and empirical data on suicide’s evolution may shed some light on some of these evolutionary explanations.

Abstract

Since suicide ends the life of the individual, it is difficult for suicidal behavior to evolve. All humans are prone to suicide, however. In addition to being a human idea, it is ubiquitous across cultures. The high inheritability of suicidal behavior suggests that suicide does not only occur following a trauma that is socio-cultural in nature. In the past, a number of psychological, social, cultural, biological, and psychiatric explanations have attempted to explain the causes and mechanisms of suicidal behavior, but none of these explanations resolved its evolutionary puzzle. Several genetic approaches are discussed in this paper regarding the evolution of suicidal behavior. These approaches include mutation-selection balance, genetic drift, neutral evolution, balancing selection, and directional selection. A previous discussion detailed the inclusive fitness hypothesis and the by-product hypothesis. Taking them all together, suicide might be one of the by-products of the evolution of Homo sapiens. Also, the differences in suicide-related epidemiology between men and women are likely due to balancing selection, more specifically, sexually antagonistic selection. Hopefully, in the future, evolutionary simulation models and empirical data on suicide’s evolution may shed some light on some of these evolutionary explanations.

참고문헌 (142)

  1. Darwin C, "On the origin of species by means of natural selection" (1859), John Murray
  2. Voracek M, "Genetics of suicide : a systematic review of twin studies", Wien Klin Wochenschr, 119, pp.463~475 (2007)
  3. Roy A, "The international handbook of suicide and attempted suicide", pp.209~222 (2000), John Wiley & Sons
  4. Fiori LM, "The Oxford handbook of suicide and self-injury", pp.155~182 (2014), Oxford University Press
  5. Baldessarini RJ, "Genetics of suicide : an overview", Harv Rev Psychiatry, 12, pp.1~13 (2004)
  6. Voracek M, "Genetics of suicide : a systematic review of twin studies", Wien Klin Wochenschr, 119, pp.463~475 (2007)
  7. Brent DA, "Family genetic studies, suicide, and suicidal behavior", Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet, 133C, pp.13~24 (2005)
  8. Soper CA, "The evolution of suicide" (2018), Springer International Publishing
  9. 신현영, "2014년 사망원인 통계", 대한의사협회지, 59(3), pp.221~232 (2016), 대한의사협회[DOI]
  10. Akotia CS, "“I have sinned”:understanding the role of religion in the experiences of suicide attempters in Ghana", Ment Health Relig Cult, 17, pp.437~448 (2014)
  11. Chapple A, "Taboo and the different death? Perceptions of those bereaved by suicide or other traumatic death", Sociol Health Illn, 37, pp.610~625 (2015)
  12. Turecki G, "Suicide and suicidal behaviour", Lancet, 387, pp.1227~1239 (2016)
  13. García-Dorado A, "On the persistence and pervasiveness of a new mutation", Evolution, 57, pp.2644~2646 (2003)
  14. De Leo D, "The WHO START study : suicidal behaviors across different areas of the world", Crisis, 34, pp.156~163 (2013)
  15. Nock MK, "Suicide : global perspectives from the WHO world mental health surveys" (2012), Cambridge University Press
  16. Värnik P, "Suicide in the world", Int J Environ Res Public Health, 9, pp.760~771 (2012)
  17. World Health Organization, "Preventing suicide : a global imperative" (2014), World Health Organization
  18. Schmidtke A, "Perspective : suicide in Europe", Suicide Life Threat Behav, 27, pp.127~136 (1997)
  19. Voracek M, "Testing the Finno-Ugrian suicide hypothesis : replication and refinement with regional suicide data from eastern Europe", Percept Mot Skills, 104(3 Pt 1), pp.985~994 (2007)
  20. Preti A, "Suicide among animals : a review of evidence", Psychol Rep, 101(3 Pt 1), pp.831~848 (2007)
  21. Preti A, "Do animals commit suicide? Does it matter?", Crisis, 32, pp.1~4 (2011)
  22. Goldstein K, "Human nature in the light of psychopathology" (1940), Harvard University Press
  23. Brown MF, "Power, gender, and the social meaning of Aguaruna suicide", Man, 21, pp.311~328 (1986)
  24. Hezel FX, "Culture, youth and suicide in the Pacific: papers from an East-West Center Conference" (1985), Pacific Islands Studies Program, Center for Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Institute of Culture and Communication, East-West Center
  25. Jollant F, "A pocket of very high suicide rates in a non-violent, egalitarian and cooperative population of South-East Asia", Psychol Med, 44, pp.2323~2329 (2014)
  26. Reser J, "The cultural context of Aboriginal suicide: myths, meanings, and critical analysis", Oceania, 61, pp.177~184 (1990)
  27. Tousignant M, "Gender and suicide in India : a multiperspective approach", Suicide Life Threat Behav, 28, pp.50~61 (1998)
  28. Zilboorg G, "Suicide among civilized and primitive races", Am J Psychiatry, 92, pp.1347~1369 (1936)
  29. World Health Organization, "Public health action for the prevention of suicide : a framework" (2012), World Health Organization
  30. Mishara BL, "Cultural specificity and universality of suicide : challenges for the International Association for Suicide Prevention", Crisis, 27, pp.1~3 (2006)
  31. O’Connor RC, "International handbook of suicide prevention: research, policy and practice", pp.181~198 (2011), Wiley-Blackwell
  32. Nachman MW, "Estimate of the mutation rate per nucleotide in humans", Genetics, 156, pp.297~304 (2000)
  33. Keightley PD, "Genetic instability of C. elegans comes naturally", Trends Genet, 21, pp.67~70 (2005)
  34. Ellegren H, "Characteristics, causes and evolutionary consequences of male-biased mutation", Proc Biol Sci, 274, pp.1~10 (2007)
  35. Fay JC, "Positive and negative selection on the human genome", Genetics, 158, pp.1227~1234 (2001)
  36. Sunyaev S, "Prediction of deleterious human alleles", Hum Mol Genet, 10, pp.591~597 (2001)
  37. Charlesworth B, "Evolutionary genetics:from molecules to morphology (Vol. 1)", pp.369~392 (2000), Cambridge University Press
  38. Houle D, "How should we explain variation in the genetic variance of traits?", Genetica, 102, pp.241~253 (1998)
  39. Gangestad SW, "Behavioral genetic variation, adaptation and maladaptation: an evolutionary perspective", Trends Cogn Sci, 1, pp.103~108 (1997)
  40. Keller MC, "Resolving the paradox of common, harmful, heritable mental disorders : which evolutionary genetic models work best?", Behav Brain Sci, 29, pp.385~404 (2006)
  41. Kryukov GV, "Most rare missense alleles are deleterious in humans : implications for complex disease and association studies", Am J Hum Genet, 80, pp.727~739 (2007)
  42. McClellan JM, "Schizophrenia : a common disease caused by multiple rare alleles", Br J Psychiatry, 190, pp.194~199 (2007)
  43. Penke L, "The evolutionary genetics of personality", Eur J Pers, 21, pp.549~587 (2007)
  44. Nettle D, "Schizotypy, creativity and mating success in humans", Proc Biol Sci, 273, pp.611~615 (2006)
  45. Arden R, "Intelligence and semen quality are positively correlated", Intelligence, 37, pp.277~282 (2009)
  46. Keller MC, "The evolutionary persistence of genes that increase mental disorders risk", Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 17, pp.395~399 (2008)
  47. Rowe L, "The lek paradox and the capture of genetic variance by condition dependent traits", Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 263, pp.1415~1421 (1996)
  48. Houle D, "Genetic covariance of fitness correlates : what genetic correlations are made of and why it matters", Evolution, 45, pp.630~648 (1991)
  49. Andriessen K, "Prevalence of exposure to suicide : a meta-analysis of population-based studies", J Psychiatr Res, 88, pp.113~120 (2017)
  50. Bolton JM, "Parents bereaved by offspring suicide : a population-based longitudinal case-control study", JAMA Psychiatry, 70, pp.158~167 (2013)
  51. Carter BF, "Life span perspectives of suicide", pp.231~258 (1991), Springer
  52. Cerel J, "Suicide-bereaved children and adolescents : a controlled longitudinal examination", J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 38, pp.672~679 (1999)
  53. McIntosh JL, "Suicide and its aftermath : understanding and counseling the survivors" (1987), W W Norton
  54. Jordan JR, "Grief and Bereavement in Contemporary Society", pp.223~234 (2011), Routledge
  55. Mishara BL, "The impact of suicide" (1995), Springer
  56. Parker H, "The Oxford handbook of suicide and self-injury", pp.479~501 (2014), Oxford University Press
  57. Pitman A, "Effects of suicide bereavement on mental health and suicide risk", Lancet Psychiatry, 1, pp.86~94 (2014)
  58. Sveen CA, "Suicide survivors’ mental health and grief reactions:a systematic review of controlled studies", Suicide Life Threat Behav, 38, pp.13~29 (2008)
  59. Wilcox HC, "Functional impairment due to bereavement after the death of adolescent or young adult offspring in a national population study of 1,051,515 parents", Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 50, pp.1249~1256 (2015)
  60. Comai S, "Understanding suicide", pp.177~188 (2016), Springer
  61. Maltsberger JT, "Determination of precipitating events in the suicide of psychiatric patients", Suicide Life Threat Behav, 33, pp.111~119 (2003)
  62. Kimura M, "The neutral theory of molecular evolution" (1983), Cambridge University Press
  63. The ENCODE Project Consortium, "Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project", Nature, 447, pp.799~816 (2007)
  64. Kendler KS, "Sex differences in the relationship between social support and risk for major depression : a longitudinal study of opposite-sex twin pairs", Am J Psychiatry, 162, pp.250~256 (2005)
  65. Gluckman P, "Mismatch : why our world no longer fits our bodies" (2006), Oxford University Press
  66. Behar DM, "The dawn of human matrilineal diversity", Am J Hum Genet, 82, pp.1130~1140 (2008)
  67. Underhill PA, "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations", Nat Genet, 26, pp.358~361 (2000)
  68. Jobling MA, "Human evolutionary genetics : origins, peoples and disease" (2019), Garland Science
  69. Eyre-Walker A, "The distribution of fitness effects of new mutations", Nat Rev Genet, 8, pp.610~618 (2007)
  70. 박한선, "정신장애의 진화유전학적 모델", 생물정신의학, 26(2), pp.33~38 (2019), 대한생물정신의학회[DOI]
  71. Bubb KL, "Scan of human genome reveals no new Loci under ancient balancing selection", Genetics, 173, pp.2165~2177 (2006)
  72. Curtsinger JW, "Antagonistic pleiotropy, reversal of dominance, and genetic polymorphism", Am Nat, 144, pp.210~228 (1994)
  73. Prout T, "Evolutionary genetics: from molecules to morphology" (2000), Cambridge University Press
  74. Schmitt DP, "The geographic distribution of big five personality traits : patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations", J Cross-Cult Psychol, 38, pp.173~212 (2007)
  75. Camperio Ciani AS, "The adaptive value of personality differences revealed by small island population dynamics", Eur J Pers, 21, pp.3~22 (2007)
  76. Rice WR, "The enemies within: intergenomic conflict, interlocus contest evolution (ICE), and the intraspecific Red Queen", Behav Ecol Sociobiol, 41, pp.1~10 (1997)
  77. Dingemanse NJ, "Fitness consequences of avian personalities in a fluctuating environment", Proc Biol Sci, 271, pp.847~852 (2004)
  78. Hagen EH, "Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation", pp.95~123 (2003), MIT Press
  79. Haig D, "Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy", Q Rev Biol, 68, pp.495~532 (1993)
  80. Taylor PJ, "Appraisals and suicidality : the mediating role of defeat and entrapment", Arch Suicide Res, 14, pp.236~247 (2010)
  81. Shneidman ES, "Suicide as psychache : a clinical approach to selfdestructive behavior" (1993), Jason Aronson
  82. Wetherall K, "Social rank theory of depression : a systematic review of self-perceptions of social rank and their relationship with depressive symptoms and suicide risk", J Affect Disord, 246, pp.300~319 (2019)
  83. Canetto SS, "Women and suicidal behavior : a cultural analysis", Am J Orthopsychiatry, 78, pp.259~266 (2008)
  84. Nock MK, "Suicide and suicidal behavior", Epidemiol Rev, 30, pp.133~154 (2008)
  85. Rosenthal RW, "Suicide attempts and signalling games", Math Soc Sci, 26, pp.25~33 (1993)
  86. Devitt P, "Can we expect an increased suicide rate due to Covid-19?", Ir J Psychol Med, 37, pp.264~268 (2020)
  87. Krug EG, "Suicide after natural disasters", N Engl J Med, 338, pp.373~378 (1998)
  88. Orui M, "Suicide rates in evacuation areas after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster", Crisis, 39, pp.353~363 (2018)
  89. Hyodo K, "Long-term suicide mortality rates decrease in men and increase in women after the Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake in Japan", Tohoku J Exp Med, 220, pp.149~155 (2010)
  90. Tanaka M, "An evolutionary hypothesis of suicide : why it could be biologically adaptive and is so prevalent in certain occupations", Psychol Rep, 108, pp.977~992 (2011)
  91. Wulfert E, "The role of money in the excitement of gambling", Psychol Addict Behav, 22, pp.380~390 (2008)
  92. Brezo J, "Natural history of suicidal behaviors in a population-based sample of young adults", Psychol Med, 37, pp.1563~1574 (2007)
  93. Knizek BL, "Between Hippocrates and God : Ugandan mental health professional’s views on suicide", Ment Health Relig Cult, 16, pp.767~780 (2013)
  94. Brodie ED 3rd, "Visualizing and quantifying natural selection", Trends Ecol Evol, 10, pp.313~318 (1995)
  95. Di Rienzo A, "An evolutionary framework for common diseases : the ancestral-susceptibility model", Trends Genet, 21, pp.596~601 (2005)
  96. Hawks J, "Recent acceleration of human adaptive evolution", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, pp.20753~20758 (2007)
  97. Gibson G, "Uncovering cryptic genetic variation", Nat Rev Genet, 5, pp.681~690 (2004)
  98. Le Rouzic A, "Evolutionary potential of hidden genetic variation", Trends Ecol Evol, 23, pp.33~37 (2008)
  99. Moczek AP, "Developmental capacitance, genetic accommodation, and adaptive evolution", Evol Dev, 9, pp.299~305 (2007)
  100. Gibson G, "Decanalization and the origin of complex disease", Nat Rev Genet, 10, pp.134~140 (2009)
  101. Rice SH, "The evolution of canalization and the breaking of von Baer’s laws: modeling the evolution of development with epistasis", Evolution, 52, pp.647~656 (1998)
  102. Hermisson J, "The population genetic theory of hidden variation and genetic robustness", Genetics, 168, pp.2271~2284 (2004)
  103. True JR, "Developmental system drift and flexibility in evolutionary trajectories", Evol Dev, 3, pp.109~119 (2001)
  104. La Fontaine J, "Explaining suicide : an afterword", Cult Med Psychiatry, 36, pp.409~418 (2012)
  105. Stack S, "The effects of age composition on suicide in traditional and industrial societies", J Soc Psychol, 111, pp.143~144 (1980)
  106. Lenzi M, "Suicide, culture, and society from a cross-national perspective", Cross Cult Res, 46, pp.50~71 (2012)
  107. DeCatanzaro D, "Human suicide : a biological perspective", Behav Brain Sci, 3, pp.265~272 (1980)
  108. Williams GC, "Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence", Evolution, 11, pp.398~411 (1957)
  109. Girard C, "Age, gender, and suicide: a cross-national analysis", Am Sociol Rev, 58, pp.553~574 (1993)
  110. Brown RM, "Empirical support for an evolutionary model of self-destructive motivation", Suicide Life Threat Behav, 39, pp.1~12 (2009)
  111. Möller-Leimkühler AM, "The gender gap in suicide and premature death or : why are men so vulnerable?", Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 253, pp.1~8 (2003)
  112. Agerbo E, "Suicide and occupation: the impact of socio-economic, demographic and psychiatric differences", Psychol Med, 37, pp.1131~1140 (2007)
  113. Voracek M, "Regional intelligence and suicide rate in Denmark", Psychol Rep, 98, pp.671~674 (2006)
  114. Nock MK, "Suicide : global perspectives from the WHO world mental health surveys" (2012), Cambridge University Press
  115. Shah A, "The relationship between suicide rates and age : an analysis of multinational data from the World Health Organization", Int Psychogeriatr, 19, pp.1141~1152 (2007)
  116. Dugatkin LA, "Inclusive fitness theory from Darwin to Hamilton", Genetics, 176, pp.1375~1380 (2007)
  117. Gallup GG, "Suicide bombers: does an evolutionary perspective make a difference? A review and extension of A. Lankford, The myth of martyrdom: what really drives suicide bombers, rampage shooters, and other self-destructive killers", Evol Psychol, 11, pp.791~794 (2013)
  118. Joiner Jr TE, "The interpersonal theory of suicide: guidance for working with suicidal clients" (2009), American Psychological Association
  119. Orbell J, "An evolutionary account of suicide attacks : the kamikaze case", Polit Psychol, 32, pp.297~322 (2011)
  120. Aubin HJ, "The evolutionary puzzle of suicide", Int J Environ Res Public Health, 10, pp.6873~6886 (2013)
  121. de Catanzaro D, "A mathematical model of evolutionary pressures regulating self-preservation and self-destruction", Suicide Life Threat Behav, 16, pp.166~181 (1986)
  122. Shaffer D, "Suicide in childhood and early adolescence", J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 15, pp.275~291 (1974)
  123. Goldsmith SK, "Reducing suicide : a national imperative" (2002), National Academies Press
  124. Van Orden KA, "Perceived burdensomeness as an indicator of suicidal symptoms", Cogn Ther Res, 30, pp.457~467 (2006)
  125. Foster T, "Suicide note themes and suicide prevention", Int J Psychiatry Med, 33, pp.323~331 (2003)
  126. Meyer CL, "Explaining suicide : patterns, motivations, and what notes reveal" (2017), Academic Press
  127. Rao D, "South Indian study on themes of suicide notes & prevention", Eur Psychiatry, 30(Suppl 1), pp.966~ (2015)
  128. Sanger S, "The interpersonal nature of suicide : a qualitative investigation of suicide notes", Arch Suicide Res, 12, pp.352~365 (2008)
  129. Shneidman ES, "The suicidal mind" (1998), Oxford University Press
  130. Levi-Belz Y, "Where are they now?", Crisis, 39, pp.119~126 (2018)
  131. Symons D, "The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture", pp.137~159 (1992), Oxford University Press
  132. O’Connor RJ, "Brood reduction in birds : selection for fratricide, infanticide and suicide?", Anim Behav, 26, pp.79~96 (1978)
  133. Dickeman M, "Demographic consequences of infanticide in man", Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst, 6, pp.107~137 (1975)
  134. Harris M, "Cows, pigs, wars & witches: the riddles of culture" (1974), Random House
  135. Hausfater G, "Infanticide : comparative and evolutionary perspectives" (1984), Aldine
  136. Hrdy SB, "Infanticide among animals: a review, classification, and examination of the implications for the reproductive strategies of females", Ethol Sociobiol, 1, pp.13~40 (1979)
  137. Minturn L, "Infanticide as a terminal abortion procedure", Behav Sci Res, 17, pp.70~90 (1982)
  138. Thornhill R, "A natural history of rape : biological bases of sexual coercion" (2001), MIT Press
  139. Joiner TE, "Why people die by suicide" (2005), Harvard University Press
  140. Eisenberger NI, "The social outcast: ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying", pp.109~130 (2005), Psychology Press
  141. Thornhill R, "Sociobiology and the social sciences", pp.73~103 (1989), Texas Tech University Press
  142. Bering JM, "The causal role of consciousness : a conceptual addendum to human evolutionary psychology", Rev Gen Psychol, 8, pp.227~248 (2004)

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (8건)