성별화된 만성통증의 서사: 사회적 낙인과 서사전략을 중심으로
Gendered Narratives on Chronic Pain in South Korea: Women’s and Men’s Experiences of Social Stigma and the Narrative Strategies
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본 연구는 만성통증을 지닌 이들의 질병서사를 분석하여, 아픈 몸을 향한 사회적 낙인이 젠더화되었음을 기술하고 서사 전략을 살펴보고자 한다. 만성통증을 지닌 여성과 남성은 자신의 질병을 향한 젠더화된 편견으로 인한 사회적 낙인을 이야기한다. 여성의 질병서사에서는 “꾀병”이라는 만성통증에 대한 불신과 “까탈”이라는 심리적 원인으로 여겨지는 부당함이 강조된다. 남성의 질병서사에서 사회적 낙인은 좀처럼 이야기되지 않는데, 남성들은 만성통증이라는 질병은 친구여도 말하지 않는 것이 “자연스럽고” “당연한” 것이라 한다. 남성의 만성통증 숨기기는 “끈기 없는” 그리고 “엄살” 부리는 남성이라는 사회적 낙인 때문이다. 사회적 낙인은 젠더 규범과 연령 규범 그리고 건강 규범이 교차하며작동하는 것이다. 이러한 젠더화된 낙인에 대응하여, 남성과 여성은 각기 다른 서사전략을 구사한다. 여성들은 첫째, 수행으로는 여성의 만성통증을 향한 불신과 심리적 설명들에 대해 저항하며, 둘째, 플롯으로는 순종적 여성상에서 벗어나 딸, 아내, 엄마로서 가족내 역할 조정하는 과정으로 구성한다. 남성들은 첫째, 신체적 강인함에 바탕을 둔 헤게모니 남성성이 문제라 여기지만 자신이 수용할 수 있는 방식으로 개선하며, 둘째, 플롯으로는 만성통증에 합리적으로 대처하는 자기통제를 실현하는 과정으로 서사를 구성한다. 말하기의 수행성을 주목하면, 이들이 말하기 실천과 이를 둘러싼 사회문화적 영향들을 즉신체적 정상성과 여성성/남성성이라는 사회적 기대를 어떻게 인식하며 협상하는지 살펴볼 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper focuses the illness narratives of South Korean (hereafter, “Korean”) adults with chronic pain and analyzes how the stories of social stigma are told. The empirical data of this article consists of qualitative interview of 19 women and 6 men. The interviewees were recruited through a Korean clinic and a biomedical (western) hospital in Seoul. Social suffering caused by gender prejudice toward their own disease is often talked about for people with chronic pain. The women’s stories of chronic pain are narrated as a series of distrust, their pain was perceived as “feigned illness” and “fussy” due to the psychological causes. The men’s stories of chronic pain are rarely narrated about their experiences of social stigma, even to their close friends which is seen as “natural” and “no wonder”. The reason for men’s concealment of their chronic pain is due to their pain being experience perceived as “crybaby” and “lack of stickability”. Even men and women’s health expectations have become gendered, so gendered stigma caused by chronic pain is being experienced. Women’s illness narratives involve the process of reshaping women’s social roles and expectations in family and friends. It is named chronic pain management, not selfish behavior, by reconsidering and coordinating gender role expectations in the family. Men’s illness narratives involve the problems of stereotypical norms of masculinity, but aren’t told about the negotiations between marginalized masculinity and masculine self. Men’s stories of chronic pain display the rift between hegemonic masculinity such as rational and self-control, and marginalized masculinity such as physical weakness, their chronic pain. This paper analyzes the illness experiences and negotiations of self in the illness narrative of those with chronic pain and reveals how dominant norms of disease, age, class, race, and gender are intersected. It is meaningful in that the gender dynamics surrounding their illness experiences and speaking practices have been identified.
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