전환 과제 수행에서 나타난 노화와 인지 통제 능력의 관계: 웹기반 실험 연구로부터의 증거
The Relationship between Aging and Cognitive Control in Performing a Switching Task: Evidence from a Web-based Experimental Study
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초록
노화가 진행되면 개인의 신체 능력뿐만 아니라 인지 기능에도 변화가 생긴다. 특히, 인지 통 제 능력은 다양한 하위 인지 기능을 포함하고 있는 개념이므로 연령별 인지 통제 능력을 비 교하는 것은 노화에 따른 인지 기능의 변화를 전반적으로 이해하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 인지 통제 능력 중에서 전환 능력을 측정할 수 있는 과제를 사용하여 연령에 따른 전환비용의 차이를 비교하였다. 기존의 연구들은 참가자들이 실험실에 방문하여 과제를 수행하는 방식으로 데이터를 얻었지만, 본 연구에서는 짧은 시간 내에 많은 참가자의 데이터 를 얻을 수 있는 웹기반 연구방법을 사용하여 한국에 거주 중인 20세부터 69세 성인의 데이 터를 얻었다. 연구 결과, 참가자의 연령이 높을수록, 과제가 반복될 때보다 전환될 때가, 그리 고쉬운과제보다는어려운과제수행시에반응시간이더느렸다. 또한참가자연령과과제 종류 사이의 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 이는 노화에 따른 인지 능력의 감퇴로 인해 과제의 난이도가 다른 두 과제를 수행할 때 쉬운 과제에도 많은 인지자원을 투입하기 때문인 것으로 볼 수 있다. 하지만 연령과 과제 전환 간의 상호작용은 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 상호작용의 부재는 반응적 통제와 같이 상대적으로 자동적인 처리를 요구하는 과제 전환 시에는 노화에 영향이 미미할 수 있음을 시사한다.
Abstract
Aging involves changes not only in our physical abilities but also in cognitive functions. In particular, cognitive control includes several cognitive sub-processes, such as inhibition, switching, and updating; thus, comparing cognitive control abilities between different age groups can help understand age-related changes in cognitive functions. This study utilized the task-switching paradigm to examine whether a switching cost varies with age. Unlike traditional studies, in which participants visit a lab and perform a task in controlled conditions, we adopted a web-based experimental procedure, in which participants completed the task using their computer or laptop at their convenience. This enabled collection of large data from various age populations within a short period of time. Adults aged 20 to 69 participated in the switching task. The results indicated three main effects; age, task transition, and task type. Also, task type interacted with participants’ age. The interaction suggests that older adults who experience cognitive decline invest more cognitive resources to the easier task out of the two tasks with a varying task difficulty. However, the size of the switching cost remained relatively constant across the age spectrum. These results suggest that, even though aging is associated with a general decline in cognitive control abilities, reactive control abilities remain intact throughout the adult lifespan.
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