본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

상담자 소진에 대한 질적 메타분석

Qualitative meta-analysis of counselor burnout

신혜민|류진아|방은진
한국상담학회 (Korean Counseling Association (KCA))|2021.06|상담학연구 (Korea Journal of Counseling)|제22권 제3호|pp. 239-273|DOI 10.15703/kjc.22.3.202106.239

0

조회

0

다운로드

31

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

상담자질적 메타분석counselor상담자 소진counselor burnoutqualitative meta-analysis
주제분류교육학

초록

본 연구는 상담자의 소진 과정과 소진 관련 요인을 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 소진과 관련된 질적 연구 20편을 선정하여 질적 메타분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 상담자의 소진 과정은 노력․몰입 단계, 소진 단계, 회복 단계, 성장 단계로 분석되었고, 상담자는 소진한 후 회복하기도 하고, 회복하였지만 다시 소진으로 돌아오는 순환 과정으로 이어질 수도 있었다. 또한 상담자가 소진을 회복한 후 실존적 존재로의 탄생, 개성화된 나, 알아차림과 긍정적 접촉과 같은 성장에 이를 수 있었다. 둘째, 노력․몰입 단계에서 소진 단계로 이동하는 데 있어서 위험 요인은 개인 요인과 환경 요인으로 나누어지며, 환경 요인이 개인 요인보다 더 위험 요인으로 작용하였다. 특히 조직 내 상담에 대한 인식이 부족하고 갈등이 있거나 상담자 개인의 성격적인 특성과 상담자로서 자질 및 전문성이 준비되지 않았을 때 소진에 이르게 되었다. 셋째, 소진 단계에서 회복 단계 및 성장 단계로 이동하는 데 있어서 발달 요인은 대처 요인과 도약 요인이었다. 자기 돌봄과 변혁, 전문성 강화, 자기통제력 발휘를 중심으로 자기를 돌아보고 변화와 변혁을 추구함으로써 회복과 성장을 도모하였다. 넷째, 소진 과정과 요인에 대한 통합적이고 본질적인 의미 탐색을 바탕으로 소진 후 성장이라는 개념과 모형을 제시하였다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explore the counselor's burnout process and burnout-related factors. To this end, 20 qualitative studies related to burnout were selected and qualitative meta-analysis was performed. The findings are as follows: First, the burnout process of the counselor was analyzed that there are couple of stages such as an Effort․Flow phase, Burnout phase, Recovery phase, Growth phase, the counselor may recover after burnout, but the recovering could lead to a circular process of returning to burnout again. In addition, after the counselor restored burnout, they were able to achieve growth such as birth into existence, individualized self, noticing and positive contact. Second, the risk factors in moving from the Effort․Flow phase to the Burnout phase are divided into individual factors and environmental factors, environmental factors acted as more risk factors than individual factors. In particular, the lack of awareness of counseling within the organization led to burnout when there was conflict or when the personal characteristics of the counselor individual and the qualities and expertise as a counselor were not prepared. Third, the developmental factors were coping factors and leap factors in moving from the Burnout phase to the Recovery phase and the Growth phase. The counselors promoted recovery and growth by focusing on self-care, transformation, strengthening professionalism, and exerting self-control Fourth, the concept and model of growth after burnout were presented based on the intergrated and intrinsic meaning research for the burnout process and causal factors.

참고문헌 (81)

  1. 강선아, "상담자 소진 메타 연구: 상담자 개인 요인 중심", 상담학연구, 21(6), pp.1~27 (2020), 한국상담학회[DOI]
  2. 권석만, "현대이상심리학" (2013), 학지사
  3. 김복경, "초심상담자 소진 영향요인에 관한통합적 문헌고찰", 석사, pp.2019
  4. 김봉환, "상담 분야의 질적연구 동향분석(2002년～2011년)", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 24(3), pp.729~752 (2012), 한국상담심리학회[DOI]
  5. 김승아, "상담자 소진과 개인 및 환경변인 간의 상관관계 메타분석: 보호 및 위험변인 중심으로", 석사, pp.2016
  6. 나장함, "질적 메타분석에 대한 고찰", 교육과정연구, 26(4), pp.229~252 (2008), 한국교육과정학회[DOI]
  7. 류진아, "군생활 적응적인 병사의 특성 분석", 교육치료연구, 8(3), pp.533~548 (2016), 한국교육치료학회
  8. 류진아, "다문화 내담자를 위한 표현예술치료 개입 연구동향", 학습자중심교과교육연구, 18(20), pp.755~771 (2018), 학습자중심교과교육학회[DOI]
  9. 류진아, "질적 메타분석을 통해 살펴본 북한이탈여성의 경험", 질적탐구, 7(1), pp.35~69 (2021), 한국질적탐구학회
  10. 박경은, "대인 외상적 폭력을 경험한 대학생들의 적응 과정: 아동청소년기 대인 외상 경험과 대학 입학 후 경험을 중심으로", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 31(3), pp.671~700 (2019), 한국상담심리학회[DOI]
  11. 손은정, "수퍼비전에 대한 질적 연구의 동향과 과제", 한국놀이치료학회지, 13(3), pp.1~21 (2010), 한국놀이치료학회
  12. 윤부성, "아내학대 관련기관 상담원의 소진에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구", 석사, 사회복지학, pp.2000
  13. 이경화, "유아 놀이몰입의 엘랑비탈(élan vital)적 해석: 질적 메타분석", 교육혁신연구, 30(3), pp.53~71 (2020), 교육발전연구소[DOI]
  14. 이정숙, "청소년의 학업중단에서 학업복귀의 변화과정에 대한 질적 메타분석", 한국콘텐츠학회 논문지, 17(12), pp.386~398 (2017), 한국콘텐츠학회[DOI]
  15. 임선영, "외상적 관계상실로부터 성장에 이르는 과정에 대한 질적 연구", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 25(4), pp.745~772 (2013), 한국상담심리학회
  16. 임신일, "전문상담교사의 소진관련 요인 메타연구", 교육종합연구, 17(1), pp.117~139 (2019), 교육종합연구원[DOI]
  17. 주인석, "외상 후 성장 경험에 대한 질적 메타분석", 질적탐구, 6(2), pp.523~555 (2020), 한국질적탐구학회
  18. 진재섭, "장애영유아의 놀이와 관련된 교사의 경험과 역할에 대한 질적 메타분석", 생애학회지, 10(2), pp.27~47 (2020), 한국생애학회[DOI]
  19. 최혜윤, "심리적 소진으로부터 회복에 이르는 과정에 대한 질적 연구: 대학상담자를 대상으로", 인간이해, 38(1), pp.17~45 (2017), 학생생활상담연구소
  20. 황성동, "알기 쉬운 사회복지조사방법론" (2013), 학지사
  21. Acker, G. M., "The challenges in providing services to clients with mental illness : Managed care, burnout and somatic symptoms among social workers", Community Mental Health Journal, 46(6), pp.591~600 (2010)
  22. Bakker, A. B., "Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout", Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), pp.170~180 (2005)
  23. Bardhoshi, G., "Understanding the Impact of School Factors on School Counselor Burnout : A Mixed-Methods Study", Professional Counselor, 4(5), pp.426~443 (2014)
  24. Calhoun, L. G., "Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research &practice", pp.3~23 (2006), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers
  25. Craig, C. D., "Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout in a national sample of trauma treatment therapists", Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 23(3), pp.319~339 (2010)
  26. Eckleberry-Hunt, J., "The problems with burnout research", Academic Medicine, 93(3), pp.367~370 (2018)
  27. Edelwich, J., "Burn-out: Stages of disillusionment in the helping professions (Vol. 1)" (1980), Human Sciences Press
  28. Ehring, T., "Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and burnout in Pakistani earthquake recovery workers", Psychiatry Research, 185(1-2), pp.161~166 (2011)
  29. Figley, C. R., "Compassion fatigue : Psychotherapists' chronic lack of self care", Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(11), pp.1433~1441 (2002)
  30. Freudenberger, H. J., "Staff burnout", Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), pp.159~165 (1974)
  31. Gibson, J. A., "Supervisor support as a predictor of burnout and therapeutic self-efficacy in therapists working in ABA schools", Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(7), pp.1024~1030 (2009)
  32. Glaser, B. G., "The discovery of grounded theory : Strategies for qualitative research" (1967), Wiedenfeld and Nicholson
  33. Gutierrez, D., "Emotional intelligence and the counselor : Examining the relationship of trait emotional intelligence to counselor burnout", Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 38(3), pp.187~200 (2016)
  34. Hallsten, L., "Series in applied psychology: Social issues and questions. Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research", pp.95~113 (1993), Taylor & Francis
  35. Jankowski, P. J., "Virtue, flourishing, and positive psychology in psychotherapy: An overview and research prospectus", Psychotherapy (2020)
  36. Jennings, L., "Bringing it all together: A qualitative meta-analysis of seven master therapists studies from around the world", Expertise in counseling and psychotherapy: Master therapist studies from around the world, 227~273 (2016)
  37. Jergensen, K., "Practice what you preach : An exploration of DBT therapists’ personal skill utilization in burnout prevention", Clinical Social Work Journal, 46(3), pp.187~199 (2018)
  38. Jovanovic´, N., "Burnout syndrome among psychiatric rainees in 22 countries : Risk increased by long working hours, lack of supervision, and psychiatry not being first career choice", European Psychiatry, 32, pp.34~41 (2016)
  39. Knowles, S. E., "Qualitative meta-synthesis of user experience of computerised therapy for depression and anxiety", PLoS one, 9(1), pp.e84323~ (2014)
  40. Lambie, G. W., "The contribution of ego development level to degree of burnout in school counselors", doctoral, pp.2002
  41. Lasalvia, A., "Influence of perceived organisational factors on job burnout:Survey of community mental health staff", The British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(6), pp.537~544 (2009)
  42. Lee, R. T., "A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout", Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2), pp.123~ (1996)
  43. Lent, J., "The impact of work setting, demographic characteristics, and personality factors related to burnout among professional counselors", Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(4), pp.355~372 (2012)
  44. Levitt, H. M., "How to conduct a qualitative meta-analysis : Tailoring methods to enhance methodological integrity", Psychotherapy Research, 28(3), pp.367~378 (2018)
  45. Levitt, H. M., "A qualitative meta-analysis examining clients’experiences of psychotherapy : A new agenda", Psychological Bulletin, 142(8), pp.801~ (2016)
  46. Levitt, H. M., "The Meaning of Scientific Objectivity and Subjectivity: Methodologists’ Perspectives" (2017)
  47. Ma, N., "Utility of qualitative metasynthesis : Advancing knowledge on the wellbeing and needs of siblings of children with mental health problems", Qualitative Psychology, 2(1), pp.3~ (2015)
  48. Maslach, C., "The measurement of experienced burnout", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), pp.99~113 (1981)
  49. Maslach, C., "Maslach Burnout Inventory: MBI" (1981), Consulting psychologists press
  50. Maslach, C., "The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it" (1997), Jossey-Bass
  51. Maslach, C., "Job burnout", Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), pp.397~422 (2001)
  52. McGillivray, J., "Self-practice and self-reflection in training of psychological interventions and therapist skills development : A qualitative meta synthesis review", Australian Psychologist, 50(6), pp.434~444 (2015)
  53. Noblit, G. W., "Meta-ethnography: Synthesizing qualitative studies (Vol. 11)" (1988), sage
  54. O’Connor, K., "Burnout in mental health professionals : A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and determinants", EuropeanPsychiatry, 53, pp.74~99 (2018)
  55. Rayle, A. D., "Do school counselors matter? Mattering as a moderator between job stress and job satisfaction", Professional school counseling, 206~215 (2006)
  56. Reis, S., "Aggregation of qualitative studies-From theory to practice : Patient priorities and family medicine", general practice evaluations, 2007, pp.65(2), 214~222
  57. Rhoades, L., "Perceived organizational support : a review of the literature", Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), pp.698~714 (2002)
  58. Rossi, A., "Burnout, compassion fatigue, and compassion satisfaction among staff in community-based mental health services", Psychiatry Research, 200(2-3), pp.933~938 (2012)
  59. Rupert, P. A., "Work-family conflict and burnout among practicing psychologists", Professional Psychology : Research and Practice, 40(1), pp.54~ (2009)
  60. Sandelowski, M., "Handbook for synthesizing qualitative research" (2007), Springer Publishing Company
  61. Sandelowski, M., "Qualitative metasynthesis : Issuesand techniques", Research in nursing & health, 20(4), pp.365~371 (1997)
  62. Skovholt, T. M., "건강한 상담자만이 남을 도울 수 있다" (2003), 학지사
  63. Stebnicki, M. A., "Empathy fatigue : Healing the mind, body, and spirit of professional counselors", American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 10(4), pp.317~338 (2007)
  64. Steel, C., "Exhausted but not cynical : burnout in therapists working within Improving Access to Psychological Therapy Services", Journal of Mental Health, 24(1), pp.33~37 (2015)
  65. Tedeschi, R. G., "The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory : Measuring the positive legacy of trauma", Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), pp.455~471 (1996)
  66. Tedeschi, R. G., "Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence", Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), pp.1~18 (2004)
  67. Thompson, I. A., "Personal and contextual predictors of mental health counselors’ compassion fatigue and burnout", Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 36(1), pp.58~77 (2014)
  68. Timulak, L., "Identifying core categories of client-identified impact of helpful events in psychotherapy : A qualitative meta-analysis", Psychotherapy Research, 17(3), pp.305~314 (2007)
  69. Timulak, L., "Meta-analysis of qualitative studies: A tool for reviewing qualitative research findings in psychotherapy", Psychotherapy Research, 19(4-5), pp.591~600 (2009)
  70. Timulak, L., "Qualitative meta-analysis of outcomes of personcentred", experiential therapies, 2010, pp.65~90
  71. Valenti, M., "Burnout among therapists working with persons with autism after the 2009 earthquake in L'A quila, I taly : a longitudinal comparative study", Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21(3), pp.234~240 (2014)
  72. Vilardaga, R., "Burnout among the addiction counseling workforce : The differential roles of mindfulness and values-based processes and work-site factors", Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 40(4), pp.323~335 (2011)
  73. Warren, C. S., "Demographic and work-related correlates of job burnout in professional eating disorder treatment providers", Psychotherapy, 50(4), pp.553~564 (2013)
  74. Westwood, S., "Predictors of emotional exhaustion, disengagement and burnout among improving access to psychological therapies(IAPT)practitioners", Journal of Mental Health, 26(2), pp.172~179 (2017)
  75. Wilkerson, K., "Intrapersonal and organizational factors associated with burnout among school counselors", Journal of Counseling &Development, 84(4), pp.440~450 (2006)
  76. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th revision), "World Health Organization", World Health Organization, ~ (2019)
  77. Yang, Y., "Causes and consequences of burnout among mental health professionals: A practice-oriented review of recent empirical literature", Psychotherapy, 57(3), pp.426~436 (2020)
  78. Yildirim, I., "Relationships between burnout, sources of social support and sociodemographic variables", Social Behavior and Personality : an International Journal, 36(5), pp.603~616 (2008)
  79. Yip, S. Y., "The mediating role of self-compassion between mindfulness and compassion fatigue among therapists in Hong Kong", Mindfulness, 8(2), pp.460~470 (2017)
  80. Zeidner, M., "Personal factors related to compassion fatigue in health professionals", Anxiety, Stress &Coping, 26(6), pp.595~609 (2013)
  81. Zimmer, I., "Qualitative meta synthesis : A question of dialoguing with text", Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53(3), pp.311~318 (2006)

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (12건)

반추방식에 따른 우울성향자의 정서적 외삽 차이: 구체적 반추와 추상적 반추의 비교김창대, 김민경pp. 1-19대학생의 내현적 자기애와 공감능력의 관계에서 자기자비로 조절된 우울의 매개효과윤동군, 서미아pp. 21-40역기능적 완벽주의가 불안에 미치는 영향에서 자기자비와 실패내성의 매개효과조한익, 김은혜pp. 41-59생리적 스트레스, 기본심리욕구 만족과 균형에 따른 성인 문제도박자의 군집 및 군집 별 도박 변화동기의 차이장성호, 신성만pp. 61-78성인 여성의 아동기 정서적 외상 경험이 이상섭식태도에 미치는 영향: 신체자비와 신체수치심의 매개효과이지연, 이소민pp. 79-100
원문 보기