Emission Characteristics of PCDDs/PCDFs from Ferrous Metal Foundries
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Abstract
Four iron-ore sintering furnaces, thirteen steel melting furnaces, and three alloy melting furnaces were selected from eighteen plants in iron-and-steel foundries. PCDDs/PCDFs samplings were achieved two times at the stacks of each furnace. The emission levels of PCDDs/PCDFs were 0.615 ng-TEQ/Sm3 in iron-ore sintering, 0.097 ng-TEQ/Sm3 steel-melting, and 0.024 ng-TEQ/Sm3 in alloy-melting processes on average. PCDFs showed an approximately four times higher concentrations than PCDDs, revealing that the ratio of PCDDs to PCDFs averaged approximately 20:80. The main contributor to total TEQs was 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, and its TEQ value was in the range of 44% to 52% of total TEQs. Electric furnaces have released slightly lower levels of PCDDs/PCDFs than sintering furnaces. But, the emission amounts of off-gas from electric furnace were up to about 1.5 millions standard cubic meters per hour, depending on the numbers of electric furnace in a plant. This is mainly due to sequence-batch operation of electric furnace, and thus the building is totally enclosed in order to minimize dust and gaseous emissions. Accordingly, off-gases contain very high concentration of oxygen (20.5%) and carbon monoxide (410 ppm) on average.
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