우주 자원의 법적 지위와 사적 소유
The Legal Status and Private Ownership of Space Resources
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우주 공간은 천연 자원의 보고로 미래 인류의 지속적인 생존과 번영을 위해서라도 언젠가는 반드시 개척해야할 영역이다. 다만 이와 관련해서는 우주 자원에 대한 민간 차원의 배타적 재산권 행사가 과연 국제법적으로 인정될 수 있느냐 하는 문제들이 제기되고 있다. 1967년 제정된 우주조약의 경우에는 우주에 대한 국가적 소유는 금지하고 있으나 사적 소유에 대하여는 아무런 규정을 두고 있지 않다. 따라서 민간 기업과 같은 사적 주체에 의한 우주 자원의 재산적 권리가 가능한 것은 아닌가 하는 해석을 할 수 있다. 한편 지난 2015년 11월 25일 미국은 이와 관련한 ‘상업우주발사경쟁력법’(CSLCA)을 제정하면서, 민간 기업의 소행성 자원과 우주 자원의 점유, 소유, 이용, 수송, 처분 등에 관한 재산적 권리를 명시적으로 인정하였다. 룩셈부르크 역시 최근 2017년 7월 13일, 우주 자원의 사적 소유를 인정한 ‘우주자원법’이 의회를 통과하여 시행을 앞두고 있다. 본 논문에서는 CSLCA와 우주자원법을 통해 제기된 우주 자원의 사적 소유에 대한 법적 문제를 살펴보았다. 먼저 우주조약, 달협정 및 미국의 CSLCA의 규정 체계를 통해 우주 자원의 법적 지위를 정리한 후, 우주 자원의 사적 소유에 관하여, UN해양법협약상 해저 자원의 법적 지위를 함께 비교하면서 살펴보았다. 나아가 남극조약을 중심으로 극지방 자원과 우주 자원의 지위도 함께 검토해 보았다. 이러한 논의를 종합하여 우주 자원의 사적 소유권 문제를 중심으로 한 개별적인 의견을 피력해 보았다.
Abstract
Space contains valuable natural resources. These provide a compelling reason for entrepreneurs, investors, and governments to pursue space exploration and settlement. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet. Article II of the Outer Space Treaty states that “outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.” The U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 (CSLCA), however, makes significant advances in furthering U.S. commercial space industry, which explicitly allows US citizens to engage in the commercial exploration and exploitation of ‘space resources' including water and minerals. Thus, some scholars argue that the United States recognizing ownership of space resources is an act of sovereignty, and that the act violates the Outer Space Treaty. This paper suggests that the unequivocal prohibition of appropriation of celestial bodies as such does not give rise to a prohibition of commercial exploitation because the baseline approach to outer space is a general freedom, which can only be limited by international consensus (such as has occurred with respect to the high seas and Antarctica, the two other areas of human activity with which outer space is most commonly compared), and there is no explicit prohibition of commercial exploitation to start with. Also, this paper suggests that it is necessary to guarantee the right to resources harvested in outer space. A private ownership of extracted space resources needs to promote new space business and industry. As resources on Earth become increasingly difficult and expensive to mine, it is clear that our laws and policies must encourage private appropriation of space resources.
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