국제상사계약에 관한 일반원칙(PICC)하에서 손해배상에 관한 법적 기준과 판결례
A Study on the Legal Bases and the Cases for Damages under Principles of International Commercial Contract
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본고는 손해배상의 청구요건과 범위 및 내용에 관한 PICC의 법적 기준에 주안점을 두고 이에 CISG의 유관조문과 최근 판결례를 병합하여 PICC상 법적 규율의 내용을 다룬 논문이다. 손해배상청구권은 피해당사자에게 손해배상청구권을 부여하나, 불이행에 관하여 면책이 인정되는 경우 그 사유가 제한된다. 피해당사자는 손해의 완전배상을 청구할 수 있고, 이 경우 손해는 피해당사자가 입은 손실과 상실이익을 포함하나, 이를 피하게 됨으로 인하여 얻은 이익은 공제된다. 손해배상은 장래손해를 포함하여 합리적인 손해에 한하고, 기회상실의 손해는 발생확률에 비례하여 배상되고, 손해액을 결정할 수 없는 경우 법원의 재량에 의한다. 불이행당사자는 계약체결 시에 예견하였거나 합리적으로 예견할 수 있었던 불이행에 관한 손해에 한하여 책임을 부담한다. 피해당사자가 계약해제 이후 대체거래를 한 경우 계약가격과 대체거래가격의 차액 및 그 밖의 손해배상을 청구할 수 있다. 달리 대체거래를 하지 않았으나, 계약이행에 적용될 시가가 있는 경우 계약가격과 해제당시 시가와의 차액 및 그 밖의 손해배상을 청구할 수 있다. 손해가 피해당사자의 작위 또는 부작위나 그가 위험을 부담하는 사유에 일부 기인한 경우 손해배상액은 각 당사자 행위를 참작하여 그러한 요인들이 당해 손해에 기여한 범위를 한도로 감액된다. 불이행당사자는 피해당사자가 합리적 조치를 취함으로써 경감할 수 있었던 범위에서는 피해당사자가 입은 손해에 관한 책임을 부담하지 않고, 달리 피해당사자는 손해를 경감시키는 조치를 취함에 있어 합리적으로 소요된 비용의 배상을 청구할 수 있다. 손해배상액을 예정한 경우 피해당사자는 그의 실제손해와는 상관없이 당해 금액의 지급을 청구할 수 있으나, 불이행으로 인한 손해 그 밖의 제반사정에 비추어 그러한 약정금액이 현저하게 과도한 때는 이를 합리적으로 감액할 수 있다.
Abstract
This study focused on getting clear understanding on the legal bases and cases for damages through a analysis the PICC(2010) which has been standing firmly as the general principles of international commercial contract. The main contents of the regulation are summarized as follows. Any non-performance gives the aggrieved party a right to damages either exclusively or in conjunction with any other remedies except where the non-performance is excused under these Principles. The aggrieved party is entitled to full compensation for harm sustained as a result of the non-performance. Such harm includes both any loss which it suffered and any gain of which it was deprived, taking into account any gain to the aggrieved party resulting from its avoidance of cost or harm. Not only Compensation is due only for harm, including future harm, that is established with a reasonable degree of certainty, but Where the amount of damages cannot be established with a sufficient degree of certainty, the assessment is at the discretion of the court. The non-performing party is liable only for harm which it foresaw or could reasonably have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract as being likely to result from its non-performance. Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has made a replace- ment transaction within a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price of the replacement transaction as well as damages for any further harm. Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has not made a replacement transaction but there is a current price for the performance contracted for, it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price current at the time the contract is terminated as well as damages for any further harm. Others are proof of harm by current price, harm due in part to aggrieved party and mitigation of harm, agreed payment for non-performance and so on.
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