한국의 자본이동성 추이: 저축·투자 및 경상수지 접근법
International Capital Mobility in Korea: Saving-Investment Correlations and Current Account Dynamics
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이 연구는 1970년부터 2010년까지의 분기자료를 이용해 우리나라의 자본이동성 추이를 검토하였다. 국내저축과 투자의 상관관계, 저축 및 투자 충격이 경상수지에 미치는 효과, 경상수지의 동태적 조정, 수정된 오차모형 등 다양한 추정 모형을 사용하였으며, 자본이동성의 추이를 보기 위해 본 연구에서는 순차적으로 표본을 늘려가면서 추정 계수의 변이과정을 추적하는 축차적 회귀분석법을 수행했다. 저축, 투자, 경상수지 등 기본 변수들이 불안정 시계열의 모습을 보이는 경향이 있어 구조변화를 제거하거나 차분 시계열을 사용했다. 다양한 공적분 검정에서는 저축과 투자 간에 장기적 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 대부분의 추정 모형에서 우리나라의 자본이동성은 외환위기를 기점으로 크게 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 경상수지의 균형 수렴속도는 1990년대 들어 꾸준히 느려지는데, 이는 자본이동성에 대한 다양한 제약과 거래비용이 감소하면서 우리경제가 불균형을 용인하는 능력이 높아진 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 2000년대 이르러 수렴속도가 더 이상 변화하지 않는 것은 정부가 외환시장 개입을 통해 경상수지 불균형을 줄이려했던 시도와 맥을 같이 한다고 볼 수 있다.
Abstract
This study examines the trends in capital mobility in Korea using time series quarterly data from 1970 to 2010. Time series for savings, investment,and current account as a ratio of GDP turned out to be non-stationary based on Zivot & Andrew unit root test. Various cointegration tests were peformed to confirm that savings and investment rates are co-integrated in the long run. We tested various specifications based on the original Feldstein-Horioka model and its variants using original data, data adjusted for structural breaks, and first-differenced ones. Starting from a threshold year(say,1990), we repeated the tests by adding a year to the sample in order to examine the time-varying nature of capital mobility. Across various specifications and samples, capital mobility has increased sharply in the wake of 1997-98 financial crisis. We also estimated the adjustment speed of current account back toward its equilibrium:it show a decreasing trend during the 1990s suggesting transaction costs as well as legal impediments regarding capital mobility has decreased. While Korea has increased its capacity to have a sustained deficit in the current account, it actively intervened in the foreign exchange markets to maintain a current account target to the effect of increasing the speed of adjustment, especially during the 2000s.
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