WTO 정부조달협정과 민영화
WTO Government Procurement Agreement and Privatization
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초록
정부조달시장은 국가 GDP의 10-25%를 차지하는 거대 시장이지만 시장개방으로부터 보호되고 있다. 일부 WTO 회원국들은 중앙정부, 지방정부 및 공기업을 포함한 공공기관의 조달 시장을 개방하기 위해서 복수간협정인 WTO 정부조달협정(GPA)을 운영하고 있다. 본 글은 1994년 개정된 GPA에서 민영화를 이유로 공기업을 철회시키고자 할 때 발생한 문제들, 그리고 여타 가입국들이 이의를 제기할 때 제시한 문제점들을 살펴본다. 또한, 2012년 개정된 GPA에서 도입된 공기업 철회 관련 절차를 살펴보고, 정부조달위원회에서 민영화를 통하여 정부의 영향력이 제거되었는지를 판단할 때 제시할 수 있는 직설적 기준(indicative criteria)을 제시한다.
Abstract
Government procurement market is a huge market, comparable to 10-25% of a country’s GDP, but currently it is not covered by GATT or GATS. Some WTO members observe WTO Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), which is a plurilateral agreement which seeks to open procurement by government agencies and entities including state-owned corporations. However, there is wide agreement that once a state-owned corporation is privatized and operating according to market principles and profit motives, it need not be covered by GPA, so GPA allows Parties to remove entities from the Agreement if government influence has been effectively eliminated from that entity. During the operation of the GPA, there has been several cases where Parties attempted to remove entities which had been privatized (i.e.government influence has been removed). However, because the Agreement does not define the criteria for removal, attempts to remove privatized entities have, in some cases. taken years; and in some cases not been successful. A revision of GPA has been completed in 2012, and while it provides more concrete procedures for removal of an entity, it still does not provide definitions or conditions which allow for easy removal. This paper examines problems GPA Parties, including Korea, faced when trying to remove privatized entities from GPA. Then, based on the objections raised during the removal attempts, the paper tries to suggest some indicative criteria that the WTO Government Procurement Committee can use when considering removal of privatized entities. The paper suggests a two-track approach where if an entity satisfies the indicative criteria, the Party can remove the privatized entity quickly without compensation to other Parties, but if an entity does not satisfy the criteria, the Parties engage in consultation and negotiation to remove the entity. The critiera suggested in the paper along with the two-track approach can reduce uncertainties about removing entities from GPA. The author hopes that the reduced uncertainty will allow Parties to deepen market liberalization in the government procurement market, and encourage more WTO members to accede to GPA.
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