Degradation Phenomena of Wooden Pillars in the Main Hall of the Fengguo Monastery, Yixian, Liaoning, China - Scientific Investigation with XRD, IC, and FTIR Analysis -
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The Main Hall of the Fengguo monastery in Yixian county, Liaoning province, China, is the best preserved and largest wooden Buddhist structure, typical of the Liao dynasty style, in China. However, some degradation to the timber frame of the Main Hall has been noted, and this is causing concern in terms of the long-term preservation of the structure. In this study, wooden pillars showing the degradation phenomena of whitening, for areas in contact with the stone floor, and extensive surface damage at higher locations(mostly above 1 m) have been examined. Samples taken from wooden pillar surfaces were analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), ion chromatography, and pH measurements. With respect to the whitening phenomenon, we found inorganic calcium precipitates and oxalate ions, along with higher pH values. These symptoms indicated that chemical changes were taking place in response to alkaline conditions, suggesting that alkaline mixtures with calcium content in the foundations may be responsible. Regarding the upper surface-damaged areas, no valid evidence for chemical degradation was found using FTIR analysis, while damaged areas exhibited the presence of more bat guano-related materials than which were apparent in undamaged areas. The occurrence of this surface-damaged phenomenon has therefore been attributed to physical damage caused by bat activity over long periods of time.
Abstract
The Main Hall of the Fengguo monastery in Yixian county, Liaoning province, China, is the best preserved and largest wooden Buddhist structure, typical of the Liao dynasty style, in China. However, some degradation to the timber frame of the Main Hall has been noted, and this is causing concern in terms of the long-term preservation of the structure. In this study, wooden pillars showing the degradation phenomena of whitening, for areas in contact with the stone floor, and extensive surface damage at higher locations(mostly above 1 m) have been examined. Samples taken from wooden pillar surfaces were analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), ion chromatography, and pH measurements. With respect to the whitening phenomenon, we found inorganic calcium precipitates and oxalate ions, along with higher pH values. These symptoms indicated that chemical changes were taking place in response to alkaline conditions, suggesting that alkaline mixtures with calcium content in the foundations may be responsible. Regarding the upper surface-damaged areas, no valid evidence for chemical degradation was found using FTIR analysis, while damaged areas exhibited the presence of more bat guano-related materials than which were apparent in undamaged areas. The occurrence of this surface-damaged phenomenon has therefore been attributed to physical damage caused by bat activity over long periods of time.
참고문헌 (29)
- Almkvist, G., "Prediction of tensile strength in iron-contaminated archaeological wood by FT-IR spectroscopy-A study of degradation in recent oak and Vasa oak", Holzforschung, 70(9), pp.855~865 (2016)
- Behera, S. N., "Ammonia in the atmosphere : a review on emission sources, atmospheric chemistry and deposition on terrestrial bodies", Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(11), pp.8092~8131 (2013)
- Bolz, R. E., "CRC handbook of tables for applied engineering science", pp.376~ (1970), Chemical Rubber Co
- Bridge, P., "Guano minerals from Murra-el-elevyn Cave Western Australia", Mineralogical Magazine, 39(304), pp.467~469 (1973)
- Carballo-Meilan, A., "A specific case in the classification of woods by FTIR and chemometric : Discrimination of Fagales from Malpighiales", Cellulose, 21(1), pp.261~273 (2014)
- Centre for Preservation of Cultural Relics in Liaoning and Cultural Relics Preservation Institute in Yixian, "Fengguo monastery of Yixian", pp.24~ (2011), Cultural Relics Publishing House
- Clausen, C., "Correlation between oxalic acid production and copper tolerance in Wolfiporia cocos", International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 46(1), pp.69~76 (2000)
- Colom, X., "Structural analysis of photodegraded wood by means of FTIR spectroscopy", Polymer Degradation and Stability, 80(3), pp.543~549 (2003)
- Dai, M., "Analysis and imitation of organic Sanhetu concrete discovered in an ancient Chinese tomb of Qing dynasty", Journal of Archaeological Science : Reports, 26, pp.101918~ (2019)
- Franceschi, V. R., "Oxalic acid metabolism and calcium oxalate formation in Lemna minor L", Plant, Cell and Environment, 10(5), pp.397~406 (1987)
- Frost, R. L., "Vibrational spectroscopy of natural cave mineral monetite CaHPO4 and the Synthetic Analog", Spectroscopy Letters, 46(1), pp.54~59 (2013)
- Frost, R. L., "Raman and FTIR spectroscopy of natural oxalates : implications for the evidence of life on Mars", Chinese Science Bulletin, 48(17), pp.1844~1852 (2003)
- Gaucher, G. M., "An introduction to chromatography", Journal of Chemical Education, 46, pp.729~733 (1969)
- Häärä, M., "Formation of oxalic acid in alkaline peroxide treatment of different wood components", Holzforschung, 68(4), pp.393~400 (2014)
- Kirchner, M., "Elevated NH3 and NO2 air concentrations and nitrogen deposition rates in the vicinity of a highway in Southern Bavaria", Atmospheric Environment, 39(25), pp.4531~4542 (2005)
- Liu, J., "Record of bat extermination in Fengguo monastery, Yixian, Liaoning", Zhongguo Wenwu Kexue Yanjiu, 2010(04), pp.43~46 (2010)
- Mäkelä, M., "Production of organic acids and oxalate decarboxylase in lignin-degrading white rot fungi", Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 30(4), pp.542~549 (2002)
- Mohebby, B., "Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy of white-rot decayed beech wood", International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 55(4), pp.247~251 (2005)
- Naumann, A., "Fourier transform infrared microscopy and imaging : detection of fungi in wood", Fungal Genetics and Biology, 42(10), pp.829~835 (2005)
- Norbakhsh, S., "Mimicking of the strength loss in the Vasa : model experiments with iron-impregnated recent oak", Holzforschung, 67(6), pp.707~714 (2013)
- Norbakhsh, S., "Impact of iron(II)and oxygen on degradation of oak-modeling of the Vasa wood", Holzforschung, 68(6), pp.649~655 (2014)
- Pandey, K. K., "FTIR studies of the changes in wood chemistry following decay by brown-rot and white-rot fungi", International Biodeterioration &Biodegradation, 52(3), pp.151~160 (2003)
- Pandey, K. K., "Examination of the lignin content in a softwood and a hardwood decayed by a brown‐rot fungus with the acetyl bromide method and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy", Journal of Polymer Science Part A : Polymer Chemistry, 42(10), pp.2340~2346 (2004)
- Popescu, C., "Spectral characterization of Eucalyptus wood", Applied Spectroscopy, 61(11), pp.1168~1177 (2007)
- Pryce, M. W., "Biphosphammite : a second occurrence", Mineralogical Magazine, 38, pp.965~967 (1972)
- Stamm, A. J., "Thermal degradation of wood and cellulose", Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 48(3), pp.413~417 (1956)
- Uchida, E., "Deterioration of stone materials in the Angkor monuments, Cambodia", Engineering Geology, 55(1-2), pp.101~112 (2000)
- Wyman, C. E., "Polysaccharides: Structural diversity and functional versatility", pp.995~1034 (2005), Marcel Dekker
- Zargari, N., "Conversion of saccharides into formic acid using hydrogen peroxide and a recyclable palladium(ii)catalyst in aqueous alkaline media at ambient temperatures", Green Chemistry, 17(5), pp.2736~2740 (2015)