의상(義湘)의 화엄사상과 양양 낙산사(洛山寺)의 관음신앙 연구

Abstract

Naksansa-temple (洛山寺), located in Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do, is a branch temple of Shinheungsa-temple (新興寺), the headquarters of the 3rd diocese(敎區) of the Jogye(曹溪) Order of Korea Buddhism. It is a temple with a unique structure located on the beach, and is one of the three major Avalokitevara(觀音) prayer temples in Korea, and Naksan comes from the Sanskrit Potalaka (補陀落伽). It was founded by Uisang (義湘) in 671 (the 11th year of King Munmu’s(文武王) reign) with the meaning of a place where the Avalokitesvara bodhisattva(觀音菩薩) always stays. After the founding of Naksansa-temple, the stories of Wonhyo (元曉), Joshin (調信), and Beomil (梵日) of Sagulsanpa(闍堀山派) are told in the related 󰡒Samgukyusa(三國遺事).󰡓 It can be seen that Uisang, as the Chojo(初祖) of Korea Avatamsaka Buddhism (海東華嚴宗), who led Avatamsaka(華嚴) studies to Korea, wanted to present Avatamsaka studies developed in China in the land of Shilla. Naksansa-temple was built on the basis of this Avatamsaka thought(華嚴思想), and it can be seen as building a belief foundation through Uisang's Avatamsaka view. The Avalokitevara belief of Naksansa-temple is built on the foundation of Avatamsaka, and through this, it can be said that Shilla's new Avatamsaka world(華嚴世界) was established. Uisang, who returned after 10 years of studying abroad, based on the 󰡒Avatamsaka Sutra(華嚴經)󰡓 learned in China, he developed the everlasting existence of bodhisattva belief by establishing 󰡐Naksan (洛山)󰡑 as the permanent residence of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva(觀音菩薩). As a result, changes occurred in beliefs and thoughts, including the Avalokitevara belief, and above all, the everlasting existence of Bodhisattva belief is not only about Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva(觀音菩薩) but also the idea that all Buddhas and bodhisattvas always stay continued, laying the foundation for recognizing Shilla as the Buddha Land. This led to the establishment of the Odaesan(五臺山) belief that Avalokitevara, Amitbha, Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, Shakyamuni Buddha, and Vairocana Buddha reside in the east, west, north, south, and center of Odaesan(五臺山) near Naksan, respectively, during the King Seongdeok period. This Buddha's Land Conception is that the current Shilla land is the space where Buddha Bodhisattva exists, and there was no need to set up a separate rebirth to the 󰡐Pure Land (淨土)󰡑. During the king Munmu(文武王) period, Uisang returned to Korea and began to plant the everlasting existence of Bodhisattva Avalokitevara belief in Naksan, and therefore Gwangdeok(廣德) Eomjang(嚴莊) was depicted as a Rebirth in Paradise(淨土), and then Avalokitevara was recognized as the attendant of Amitbha(阿彌陀). Afterwards, like an anecdote that King Hyoso (孝昭王:reign 692-702) offered the Sakyamuni true body (眞身釋迦), as the everlasting existence of bodhisattva belief spreads, during the King Seongdeok period, the Odaesan belief(五臺山 信仰) that Buddha statues-bodhisattvas resided was formed, and afterwards, cases of Hyeonshinseongdo began to emerge. Therefore, Shilla is the Buddha Land, where all Buddhas-bodhisattvas reside, and the Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, who assists Hyeonshinseongdo(現身成道), is not Amitbha󰡑s attendant, but it can be said that it plays the same role as 󰡐good knowledge (善知識)󰡑 that helps all Buddhas-bodhisattva to reside in Shilla, the Buddha Land. Uisang's Hwaeom(華嚴) Belief is implemented through Naksansa-temple.