본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Changes in Muscle Biomarkers Following Swimming Exercise in Streptozotocin-induced Rats

1

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

초록

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of swimming exercise in diabetic atrophy by monitoring changes in biomarkers associated with musculoskeletal growth and abnormalities. [METHODS] Ninety-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control plus exercise group (CO+Ex), control and no exercise group (CO+No Ex), diabetes plus exercise group (DM+Ex) and diabetes and no exercise group (DM+No Ex). Swimming exercise was implemented for 60 min/day, 5 day/week for a total of eight weeks. Muscle strength and atrophy biomarkers as well as muscle morphology were compared at the first, second, fourth and eighth week of experimentation. [RESULTS] ACE levels were significantly higher in the DM groups (p<.05), however swimming exercise did not significantly affect ACE levels. Irisin levels were significantly higher in the DM and DM+Ex groups compared to the CON, in week one (p<.05), and greater in the DM+Ex group at week two compared to CON+Ex (p<.05), but swimming did not significantly affect irisin levels over the eight-week period in DM rats. In terms of muscle damage, Myl3 expression was unchanged in the CON groups, but significantly higher in the DM+Ex group compared to the CON+Ex group (p<.05). AST was found to be in higher levels in the DM+No Ex group, compared to CON and CON+Ex (p<.05); and DM+Ex group, compared to the CON+Ex group at weeks one, four and eight (p<.05). Tibialis anterior muscle fibers were thicker in the DM+Ex group compared to DM+No Ex, but only at week four (p<.05). Otherwise, no other notable differences were recorded in muscle morphology. [CONCLUSIONS] These results suggest that swimming exercise alone may not be sufficient to induce muscle strength and/or protective effects against muscle atrophy associated with diabetes mellitus. However, this mode of exercise may be considered safe by not compounding the deteriorative effects of this disease.

Abstract

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of swimming exercise in diabetic atrophy by monitoring changes in biomarkers associated with musculoskeletal growth and abnormalities. [METHODS] Ninety-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control plus exercise group (CO+Ex), control and no exercise group (CO+No Ex), diabetes plus exercise group (DM+Ex) and diabetes and no exercise group (DM+No Ex). Swimming exercise was implemented for 60 min/day, 5 day/week for a total of eight weeks. Muscle strength and atrophy biomarkers as well as muscle morphology were compared at the first, second, fourth and eighth week of experimentation. [RESULTS] ACE levels were significantly higher in the DM groups (p<.05), however swimming exercise did not significantly affect ACE levels. Irisin levels were significantly higher in the DM and DM+Ex groups compared to the CON, in week one (p<.05), and greater in the DM+Ex group at week two compared to CON+Ex (p<.05), but swimming did not significantly affect irisin levels over the eight-week period in DM rats. In terms of muscle damage, Myl3 expression was unchanged in the CON groups, but significantly higher in the DM+Ex group compared to the CON+Ex group (p<.05). AST was found to be in higher levels in the DM+No Ex group, compared to CON and CON+Ex (p<.05); and DM+Ex group, compared to the CON+Ex group at weeks one, four and eight (p<.05). Tibialis anterior muscle fibers were thicker in the DM+Ex group compared to DM+No Ex, but only at week four (p<.05). Otherwise, no other notable differences were recorded in muscle morphology. [CONCLUSIONS] These results suggest that swimming exercise alone may not be sufficient to induce muscle strength and/or protective effects against muscle atrophy associated with diabetes mellitus. However, this mode of exercise may be considered safe by not compounding the deteriorative effects of this disease.

참고문헌 (55)

  1. Adams, C. M, "Altered mRNA expression after long‐term soleus electrical stimulation training in humans with paralysis", Muscle & nerve, 43(1), pp.65~75 (2011)
  2. American Diabetes Association, "Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus", Diabetes care, 29(1), pp.S43~ (2006)
  3. Amann, B, "ACE inhibitors improve diabetic nephropathy through suppression of renal MCP-1", Diabetes Care, 26(8), pp.2421~2425 (2003)
  4. Akbarzadeh, A, "Induction of diabetes by streptozotocin in rats", Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 22(2), pp.60~64 (2007)
  5. Anastasilakis, A. D, "Circulating irisin in healthy, young individuals: day-night rhythm, effects of food intake and exercise, and associations with gender, physical activity, diet, and body composition", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 99(9), pp.3247~3255 (2014)
  6. Atlas, S. A, "The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system: Pathophysiological role and pharmacologic inhibition", Journal of managed care pharmacy, 13(8Supp B), pp.9~20 (2007)
  7. Barzilay, J. I, "Insulin resistance is associated with decreased quadriceps muscle strength in nondiabetic adults aged≥ 70 years", Diabetes care, 32(4), pp.736~738 (2009)
  8. -dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis, "Nature", 2012, 463~468
  9. Brink, M, "Angiotensin II induces skeletal muscle wasting through enhanced protein degradation and down-regulates autocrine insulin-like growth factor I 1", Endocrinology, 142(4), pp.1489~1496 (2001)
  10. Broderick, T. L, "Exercise training restores abnormal myocardial glucose utilization and cardiac function in diabetes", Diabetes, 2005, pp.21(1), 44~50
  11. Cameron, N. E, "Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition prevents development of muscle and nerve dysfunction and stimulates angiogenesis in streptozotocin-diabetic rats", Diabetologia, 35(1), pp.12~18 (1992)
  12. Chen, N, "Irisin, an exerciseinduced myokine as a metabolic regulator: an updated narrative review", Diabetes, 2016, pp.32(1), 51~59
  13. Choi, Y. K, "Serum irisin levels in new-onset type 2 diabetes", Diabetes research and clinical practice, 100(1), pp.96~101 (2013)
  14. Colberg, S. R, "Physical activity", exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, 2016, pp.39(11), 2065~2079
  15. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration., "Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies", The Lancet, 375(9733), pp.2215~2222 (2010)
  16. Espes, D, "Increased levels of irisin in people with long‐standing Type 1 diabetes", Diabetic Medicine, 32(9), pp.1172~1176 (2015)
  17. Evans, W. J, "Skeletal muscle loss: cachexia, sarcopenia, and inactivity", The American journal of clinical nutrition, 91(4), pp.1123S~1127S (2010)
  18. Fukushima, A, "(Pro) renin receptor in skeletal muscle is involved in the development of insulin resistance associated with postinfarct heart failure in mice", American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 307(6), pp.E503~E514 (2014)
  19. Giboney, P. T, "Mildly elevated liver transaminase levels in the asymptomatic patient", American Family Physician, 71(6), pp.1105~1110 (2005)
  20. Giannini, E, "Validity and clinical utility of the aspartate aminotransferase–alanine aminotransferase ratio in assessing disease severity and prognosis in patients with hepatitis C virus–related chronic liver disease", Archives of internal medicine, 163(2), pp.218~224 (2003)
  21. Hart, K. J, "Swim-trained rats have greater bone mass, density, strength, and dynamics", Journal of Applied Physiology, 91, pp.1663~1668 (2001)
  22. Hepple, R. T, "Muscle atrophy is not always sarcopenia", Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(4), pp.677~679 (2012)
  23. Junior, M. C, "Response of creatine kinase (CK) levels in diabetics Wistar rats after acute physical exercise", The Journal of exercise and physiology online, 16, pp.99~111 (2013)
  24. Huh, J. Y, "Exercise-induced irisin secretion is independent of age or fitness level and increased irisin may directly modulate muscle metabolism through AMPK activation", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 99(11), pp.E2154~E2161 (2014)
  25. Kadoguchi, T, "Angiotensin II can directly induce mitochondrial dysfunction, decrease oxidative fibre number and induce atrophy in mouse hindlimb skeletal muscle", Experimental physiology, 100(3), pp.312~322 (2015)
  26. Kelley, D. E, "Dysfunction of mitochondria in human skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes", Diabetes, 51(10), pp.2944~2950 (2002)
  27. Kistler, K. D, "Physical activity recommendations, exercise intensity, and histological severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease", The American journal of gastroenterology, 106(3), pp.460~468 (2011)
  28. Kuo, C. K, "Inverse association between insulin resistance and gait speed in nondiabetic older men: results from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)1999-2002", Bio Med Central Geriatrics, 9(1), pp.49~ (2009)
  29. Kurdiova, T, "Effects of obesity, diabetes and exercise on Fndc5 gene expression and irisin release in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: in vivo and in vitro studies", The Journal of physiology, 592(5), pp.1091~1107 (2014)
  30. Youngjeon Lee, "Prophylactic effects of swimming exercise on autophagy-induced muscle atrophy in diabetic rats", Laboratory Animal Research, 28(3), pp.171~179 (2012), 한국실험동물학회
  31. 이승원, "Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass and Insulin Resistance in an Elderly Korean Population: The Korean Social Life, Health and Aging Project-Health Examination Cohort", Diabetes and Metabolism Journal, 39(1), pp.37~45 (2015), 대한당뇨병학회
  32. Lewis, E. J, "The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy", New England Journal of Medicine, 329(20), pp.1456~1462 (1993)
  33. Lindhardt, M, "Proteomic prediction and renin angiotensin aldosterone system inhibition prevention of early diabetic nephRopathy in type 2 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria (PRIORITY):essential study design and rationale of a randomised clinical multicentre trial", British Medical Journal Open, 6(3), pp.e010310~ (2016)
  34. Liu, J. J, "Lower circulating irisin is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus", Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 27(4), pp.365~369 (2013)
  35. Liu, J. J, "Relationship between circulating irisin, renal function and body composition in type 2 diabetes. Journal of diabetes and its complications", Journal of diabetes and its complications, 28(2), pp.208~213 (2014)
  36. Masiello, P, "Experimental NIDDM: development of a new model in adult rats administered streptozotocin and nicotinamide", Diabetes, 47(2), pp.224~229 (1998)
  37. Moreno-Navarrete, J. M, "Irisin is expressed and produced by human muscle and adipose tissue in association with obesity and insulin resistance", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98(4), pp.E769~E778 (2013)
  38. Nathwani, R. A, "Serum alanine aminotransferase in skeletal muscle diseases", Hepatology, 41(2), pp.380~382 (2005)
  39. Ohta, Y, "Oxidative stress impairs insulin signal in skeletal muscle and causes insulin resistance in postinfarct heart failure", American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 300(5), pp.H1637~H1644 (2011)
  40. Pekkala, S, "Are skeletal muscle FNDC5 gene expression and irisin release regulated by exercise and related to health", The Journal of physiology, 591(21), pp.5393~5400 (2013)
  41. Perry, B. D, "Muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: roles of inflammatory pathways, physical activity and exercise", Exercise Immunology Review, 22, pp.94~108 (2016)
  42. Robertson, R. P, "Diabetes: strategies to prevent the type 2 diabetes mellitus epidemic", Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 6(3), pp.128~129 (2010)
  43. Russell, A. P, "Skeletal muscle mitochondria: a major player in exercise, health and disease", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1840(4), pp.1276~1284 (2014)
  44. Semprun-Prieto, L. C, "Angiotensin II induced catabolic effect and muscle atrophy are redox dependent", Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 409(2), pp.217~221 (2011)
  45. Schiaffino, S, "Developmental myosins: expression patterns and functional significance", Skeletal muscle, 5(1), pp.22~ (2015)
  46. Sloniger, J. A, "Defective insulin signaling in skeletal muscle of the hypertensive TG (mREN2) 27 rat", American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 288(6), pp.E1074~E1081 (2005)
  47. Song, Y. H, "Muscle-specific expression of IGF-1 blocks angiotensin II–induced skeletal muscle wasting", The Journal of clinical investigation, 115(2), pp.451~458 (2005)
  48. Sukhanov, S, "Angiotensin II, oxidative stress and skeletal muscle wasting", The American journal of the medical sciences, 342(2), pp.143~ (2011)
  49. Tidgren, B, "Renal neurohormonal and vascular responses to dynamic exercise in humans", Journal of Applied Physiology, 70(5), pp.2279~2286 (1991)
  50. Toledo, F. G, "Effects of physical activity and weight loss on skeletal muscle mitochondria and relationship with glucose control in type 2 diabetes", Diabetes, 56(8), pp.2142~2147 (2007)
  51. Vozarova, B, "High alanine aminotransferase is associated with decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and predicts the development of type 2 diabetes", Diabetes, 51(6), pp.1889~1895 (2002)
  52. Wadén, J, "Leisure-time physical activity and development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: the FinnDiane Study", Diabetologia, 58(5), pp.929~936 (2015)
  53. Wei, Y, "Angiotensin II-induced NADPH oxidase activation impairs insulin signaling in skeletal muscle cells", Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281(46), pp.35137~35146 (2006)
  54. Wohaieb, S. A, "Alterations in free radical tissue-defense mechanisms in streptozocin-induced diabetes in rat: effects of insulin treatment", Diabetes, 36(9), pp.1014~1018 (1987)
  55. Zimmet, P. Z, "Diabetes: a 21st century challenge", The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology, 2(1), pp.56~64 (2014)

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (8건)