현대 죽음의 철학을 넘어서 : 르네 지라르와 생명신학
Beyond the Modern Philosophy of Death : Rene Girard and Life Theology
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이 논문은 니체가 선포한 유대-기독교의 도덕적‘신의 죽음’이후에 20세기에 일시적으로 유행한 많은‘죽음의 철학들’을 비판적으로 평가한 이후 디오니소스적 니체 철학과 그 100년의 유산을 학문적으로 전복하고 있는 르네 지라르의‘십자가의 인류학’의 빛으로 짙은 허무주의적 차원에 갇힌 포스트모던적 죽음의 철학을 넘어서 의미와 진리를 새롭게 발견하는 생명의 철학과 생명의 신학의 새로운 가능성을 모색해 보고자 한다. ‘신은 죽었다’는 니체의 신에 대한 죽음에 대한 말은 이후 현대 철학, 특히 프랑스 일부 철학자들이 주도한 포스트모더니즘 철학에서 주체의 죽음, 진리의 죽음 그리고 윤리의 죽음을 가져왔다. 니체의 디오니소스적인 것에서 볼 수 있는 죽음과 폭력에 대한 매혹은 바타이유, 그리고 데리다와 푸코 등에서 반복적으로 등장한다. 이 니체의 철학적 유산은 반기초주의, 해체주의, 포스트모더니즘에서 말하는 진리와 윤리의 죽음과 해체에까지 이어지게 되었다. 르네 지라르의 분석처럼‘신은 죽었다’라는 니체의 말 이후로 포스트모던적 시대정신 속에서 주체의 죽음, 인간의 종말, 역사의 종말 등등 온갖 종류의 죽음과 종말이 유행했다.‘신은 죽 었다’라는 구절 뒤에 등장하는 니체의 『즐거운 학문』의 또 다른 구절“우리가 그를 살해했다”라는 구절은 점차적으로 망각되었 다. 또한 니체의‘신은 죽었다’는 신학에서 사신신학으로 이어지 기도 했다.
Abstract
This paper deals with postmodern fascination with death and violence since the proclamation of‘God is dead’by Nietsche. And overcoming this kind of philosophies of death, this paper seeks a new possibility of life philosophy and life theology in the mimetic theory of R. Girard. Nietzsche instituted the“death of God”movement, which he knew would lead to the death of fixed meaning and objective truth. After the‘death of God’, the subject died in the hands of post-modern deconstructors. The philosophical implications of“The Death of the Author”are closely related to the post-modern trends of collapse of meaning, inability of originality, the death of God Charles Taylor analyses a kind of revolt against the primacy of life in the name of the great, the exceptional and the heroic. For Taylor the most influential proponent of this kind of view has been Nietzsche. And it is significant, according to him, that the most important anti-humanist thinkers of our time: e.g., Foucault, Derrida, behind them, Bataille, all draw heavily on Nietzsche. The fascination with death and violence recurs in the interest in Bataille, shard by Derrida and Foucault. What Charles Talyor have been calling the immanent counter-Enlightenment thus involves new valorization of, even fascination with death and sometimes violence. It rebels against the exclusive humanism that dominates modern culture.
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