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한국, 중국, 몽골, 캄보디아 대학생들의 창업성향에 관한 비교연구

A Comparative Study on Entrepreneurship Among Korea, China, Mongolia, and Cambodia

박철|강유리
한국중소기업학회|2010.06|중소기업연구|제32권 제2호|pp. 225-246

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참고문헌

키워드

중국캄보디아한국KoreaCambodiaAsiaChina몽골Entrepreneurship국제비교물질주의기업이미지Demographics기업가 정신Materialism기업태도Corporate Attitude창업성향인구통계변수MogoliaInternational Comparative studyPost-Socialist economy
주제분류경영학

초록

우리나라의 경제의 신동력을 발굴하고 고용증대를 위해서는 활발한 중소벤처기업의 창업이 필요하다. 벤처창업의 가장 기본적 토대가 되는 것은 바로 기업가정신(Entrepreneurship)이며 이를 자극시키는 교육과 훈련은 중요하다. 중국, 몽골, 캄보디아는 그동안 사회주의에서 자본주의 경제체제로 바뀌면서 경제발전에서 창업에 관한 관심이 높다. 그러므로 이들 국가와 우리나라와의 기업가정신 차원에 대한 상이점과 형성요인 등을 검토해 보는 것은 기업가정신의 본질과 촉진요인을 밝히는데 의미가 있을 것으로 보인다. 그리고 이들 국가의 기업가정신 연구를 통해 우리나라 중소기업이 이들 국가로 진출에 시사점을 얻고, 우리나라 기업가정신을 촉진하는 방안을 제시할 수 있을 것이다. 연구 결과, 한국의 창업 성향이 가장 낮았고 몽골과 캄보디아가 높은 편이였으며 전반적으로 남성이 여성보다 창업 성향이 높았다. 또한 젊은 연령층의 창업 성향이 높은 편이였고, 상경계 전공의 학생들이 창업 성향이 높았다. 이 결과를 토대로 우리나라 대학생들의 기업가 정신을 높이는 정책 방안을 전반적인 창업 성향 제고, 여대생 창업 활성화, 전공별 창업 교육, 저소득층 창업 지원 측면에서 제시하였다.

Abstract

It may be important to activate business venturing for looking for a new growth opportunity in Korea. The entrepreneurship has been studying for a long time because very important in starting business. But, In korea, the studying history is not diversity and short. Also, the comparison studies between Korea and other countries are insufficient even international entrepreneurship studies are popular in the world. The research field of cross-cultural entrepreneurship combines entrepreneurship research with research on national culture. Entrepreneurship is defined as 'the process of identifying, valuing and capturing opportunity'. Literature on cross-cultural entrepreneurship offers only a limited number of survey-based studies compared to more developed research streams such as cross-cultural marketing and management. Overall, according to their survey-based study, entrepreneurial orientation is more likely to be found in individualistic and uncertainty avoidance cultures. In a similar study, the authors address relationships between culture and four personality characteristics commonly associated with entrepreneurial motivation. Locus of control and striving for autonomy turn out to be more pronounced in individualistic cultures. Risk-taking tends to be more pronounced in cultures that rank low in terms of uncertainty avoidance, whereas there were no differences between cultures in terms of innovativeness (Engelrn et al., 2009)There is growing recognition among post-socialist (PS) economies that free-market entrepreneurship is essential for ultimately improving their economic future. For this reason, governments in Central and Eastern European economies (CEE; Stoica, 2004), China (Kshetri, 2007; Segal, 2004; Schramm, 2004), and Vietnam (Reed, 2004) are encouraging free-market entrepreneurship. In a rich body of theory and empirical research, scholars have examined the context of entrepreneurship in PS economies (e.g., Feige, 1997; Hsu, 2006; Negoita, 2006; Yang, 2002). Unfortunately, most attempts to study entrepreneurship in these economies have not provided how various forms of entrepreneurship in these economies are related. This study compared entrepreneurship among Korea, China, Mongolia, and Cambodia. China, Mongolia, and Cambodia were communism countries in Asia, but they has changed economic system to capitalism. The reason we choose specific countries China, Mongolia, Cambodia is staring to change from socialist market economy to capitalistic economy and Korea companies are preparing to advance into these countries market. As developing countries, they have interested in business venturing and increasing jobs. In addition, Korea has paid attention to them for their potentiality of economy. Therefor, it is meaningful to compare entrepreneurship of four countries to examine the relationship between the economic development stages and the entrepreneurship. So, the purposes of this study are first, compare to tendency of entrepreneurship of college students among four countries. Second, to analysis influence factors of tendency of entrepreneurship and company evaluation aspect. Third, to suggest political implications for activating businesses venturing. The concept of entrepreneurship is very multidimensional and complex. but the main concept is going to new business creation. So, we accept this point of view for this paper. The studies of entrepreneurship among Asia countries are lack in spite of many cross-cultural studies. Business venturing in countries from socialist market economy to capitalistic economy is popular. So, it need to study about post communism entrepreneurship. We suggested three main research questions. First, Is there any difference of entrepreneurship of college students among four countries? Second, How the relationship between entrepreneurship and demographic characteristics(gender, age, major, income) among four countries? Third, How the relationship between entrepreneurship and company evaluation(attitude and reliability of company) among four countries?We measured variables including entrepreneurship (tendency of business creation), materialism, attitude toward company, reliability of company, gender, age, monthly income. The tendency of entrepreneurship measured for 6 items using five likert (5=really true, 1=not really) ‘I want to start my own company,' ‘I eager to start my business even take risk,' ‘I enjoy to plan my own business' and so on. The questionnaire was conducted using convenience sampling in each countries. The questionnaire was made in Korean first and translate to each language by bilingual and back translation for check translation errors. We gathered total 2,113 data which 776 data of Korea, 528 data of China, 480 data of Mongolia, 329 data of Cambodia. We performed frequency analysis, ANOVA, cross tab analysis and correlation analysis using SPSS. The Korea mean was lowest and Mongolia, Cambodia mean were higher in total mean comparison of tendency of entrepreneurship. Also the tendency of entrepreneurship mean is higher in women generally. In specifically, Cambodia men were highest and Mongolia women were lowest. There were not significant difference among age about tendency of entrepreneurship. But, there were significant difference among countries by age that Mongolia teenager and 20s were highest. The mean of tendency of entrepreneurship was highest in management major student and Mongolia and Cambodia were higher in all of income levels. Finally, the correlation relationship between tendency of entrepreneurship and materialism was strongest in China, between tendency of entrepreneurship and attitude toward company was strongest in Mongolia, between reliability of company was highest in Cambodia. Especially, the mean of entrepreneurship was highest in Mongolia student. Business venturing is very popular in Central Asia changing to capitalistic economy rapidly. Also Mongolia which affected by Western values in young people and have strong challenge and pioneer sprit inherent from nomadic life. Even though Cambodia is poorest among four countries, Cambodia student have strongest entrepreneurship. It may be that it is difficult to get a job after graduate because of lack of company job opportunity. However, it was surprise that Korea entrepreneurship was lowest among four countries. It may caused by economic slump. But, we need to prepare plan to figure out occupation problem, unemployment problem. The collaboration among Korea, China, Mongolia and Cambodia are spreading rapidly in recent. So, it is possible to invest directly using high entrepreneurship and export to intangible assets like education of starting business, consulting, service, business item or models. It is worthy of notice that significant correlation between tendency of entrepreneurship and attitude toward company, reliability among all four countries. We can know about the importance of good image toward general company activities for activating start business. And it can activate start business will when the existing companies managing ethically. In the results, Korea's entrepreneurship was the lowest, Mongolia and Cambodia's were the highest. Also, men's entrepreneurship were higher than women mostly and students who are business administration major has high entrepreneurship. We suggest several policies to activate and encourage business venturing. First, to make atmosphere for business venturing should be more easier. The culture of respect successful business man can activate business venturing. Also, education of business venturing should increase in university. So, it need to make university evaluation criteria including the rate of starting business and businesses venturing classes. Second, it need to make plan for activating business venturing for women. So, to make network holding seminar invite successful women CEO or businessman. Third, the plan of each majors. It need to give the knowledge for the business venturing not only management majors but non business majors. Also, the government support system of scholarship, job training, international working, also needed. This study is an exploratory study of entrepreneurship and its associated factors. In the future, it is needed to more accurate measurements and sampling. Also, comparison investigate for not only college student but public and starting business rate and businessman characteristics also needed among four countries. It may be a valuable research topic that make causal relationship model consisting of influence factors to business venturing in the future.

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